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Medical terminology > Chapter 2 - Terms Pertaining To Body As A Whole > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Terms Pertaining To Body As A Whole Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Process of building large protein pieces from small protein pieces (amino acids).

Ana - up
Bol - to cast
Ism - process

Anabolic steroids build protein within cells (similar to androgens - male hormones)
Occurs on endoplasmic reticulum.

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2
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Process where complex nutrients are broken down to simpler substances and energy is released.

Cata - down
Bol - cast
Ism - process

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3
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A
  • surrounds and protects cell

- controls what pass into and out

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4
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Rod-shaped structures in nucleus that contain DNA.

46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in every cell

(except gametes - egg and sperm - which have 23 individual)

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5
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

all the material outside of nucleus, enclosed by cell membrane.

-plasm (suffix) means formation.

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6
Q

What is DNA?

A

(Deoxyribonucleic acid)

In each chromosome.

Regulates activities of cell according to its sequence (arrangement into genes) on each chromosome.

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7
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Network of canals that manufacture proteins for cells.
Ie) hormones and enzymes

Ribosomes are attached.

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8
Q

What are genes?

A

Regions of DNA within each chromosome.

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9
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

A picture of chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell.

Chromosomes are arranged by size shape and number. 23 is sex chromosome.

Trisomy 23 is Down syndrome.

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10
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Total chemical processes occurring in a cell. Includes catabolism and anabolism.

Meta - change
Bol - cast
Ism - process

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11
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

Main energetic source of the cell (power house).

Catabolism occurs here.

Sausage shaped, use nutrients and oxygen to release entertainment stored in food.

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12
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

The control center of the cell. Contains chromosomes and directs activities.

Ie) directs cell division, determines structure and function of cell.

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of a muscle cell?

A

Long, slender, contains fibres that aid in contracting and relaxing.

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14
Q

What is an epithelial cell?

A

In short: a lining and skin cell.

May be square and flat to provide protection.

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15
Q

What are he characteristics of a nerve cell?

A

May be long, and have fibrous extensions that aid in carrying impulses.

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of a fat cell?

A

Contains large, empty spaces for fat storage.

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17
Q

What is a histologist?

A

Hist/o - tissue

Scientist who specializes in study of tissues.

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18
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

Forms the lining of internal organs, and outer surface of skin covering the body.

Also lines exocrine and endocrine glands and is responsible for secretions that glands produce.

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19
Q

Where can muscle tissue be located, and is it voluntary or involuntary?

A

Voluntary muscle locations - arms, legs, parts of body where movement is under conscious control.

Involuntary muscle - heart, digestive system, not under conscious control.

Cardiac muscle - only found in heart, duh!

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20
Q

What are examples of connective (fat) tissue?

A

Adipose (fat) tissue, cartilage (elastic, fibrous tissues attached to bones), bone, and blood.

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21
Q

Where can nerve tissue be found?

A

Never tissue conducts impulses all over the body.

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22
Q

What is the medical term for internal organs?

A

Viscera, or (singular) viscus.

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23
Q

What organs are in the digestive system?

A 
Mouth, 
pharynx (throat), 
esophagus, 
stomach, 
intestines (small and large), 
liver, 
gallbladder, 
pancreas.
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24
Q

Which organs are in the urinary or excretory system?

A
  • kidneys
  • ureters (from kidney to urinary bladder)
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra(from bladder to outside)
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25
Q

Which organs are part of the respiratory system?

A
  • nose
  • pharynx
  • larynx (voice box)
  • trachea (windpipe)
  • bronchial tubes
  • lungs (exchange of gases)
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26
Q

Which organs are part of the FEMALE reproductive system?

A
  • ovaries
  • Fallopian tubes
  • uterus (womb)
  • vagina
  • mammary glands
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27
Q

Which organs are part of the MALE reproductive system?

A
  • testes and associated tubes
  • urethra
  • penis
  • prostate gland
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28
Q

Which organs are part of the endocrine system?

A
  • thyroid gland (in neck)
  • pituitary gland (vase of brain)
  • sex glands (ovaries and testes)
  • adrenal glands
  • pancreas (islets of langerhans)
  • parathyroid glands
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29
Q

Which organs are part of the nervous system?

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • nerves
  • collection of nerves
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30
Q

What organs are part of the circulatory system?

A
  • heart
  • blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)
  • lymphatic vessels and nodes
  • spleen
  • thymus gland
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31
Q

What organs are part of the musculoskeletal system?

A
  • muscles
  • bones
  • joints
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32
Q

What organs are part of the skin and sense organs?

A
  • skin
  • hair
  • nails
  • sweat glands
  • sebaceous (oil) glands
  • eye, ear, nose, tongue
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33
Q

What is adipose tissue?

A

A collection of fat cells.

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34
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Flexible connective tissue often attached to bones at joints.

Forms part of external ear and nose.

There are rings?? of cartilage around trachea.

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35
Q

What is a larynx?

A

Voice box; located at upper part of trachea.

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36
Q

What is a pharynx?

A

Throat. Passageway for food (from mouth to esophagus) and air (nose to trachea).

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37
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

Endocrine glands at base of brain.

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38
Q

What is the thyroid gland?

A

Endocrine gland that surrounds the trachea in the neck.

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39
Q

What is the trachea?

A

Windpipe (tube from throat to bronchial tubes).

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40
Q

What is a ureter?

A

One of two tubes leading from a kidney to the urinary bladder.

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41
Q

What is the urethra?

A

Tube from urinary bladder to outside.

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42
Q

What is uterus?

A

Womb; organ that holds embryo/fetus as it develops.

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43
Q

What does viscera mean?

A

Internal organs!

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44
Q

What is the abdominal cavity, where is it located?

A
  • space below the chest
  • contains: liver, stomach, gallbladder, intestines
  • also called the abdomen or peritoneal cavity
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45
Q

What is the cranial cavity, and where is it located?

A
  • space in head containing brain and surrounding skull

Cranial - pertaining to skull

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46
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

Muscle separating abdominal and thoracic cavities.

  • moves up and down to aid in breathing
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47
Q

What is the meaning of dorsal (posterior)?

A

Pertaining to the back.

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48
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

Centrally located space outside of and between the lungs.

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49
Q

What is the pelvic cavity/where is it located?

A

Space below abdomen containing portions of intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, reproductive organs.

Pelvic - pertaining to the pelvis. Composed of hip bones surrounding pelvic cavity.

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50
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

Double folded membrane surrounding abdominal cavity.

Attaches abdominal viscera to muscles and functions as protective membrane (containing blood vessels and nerves) around the organs.

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51
Q

What is the pleura?

A

Double-folded membrane surrounding each lung.

Pleura - pertaining to the pleura

(Think pushing your first into a balloon - double folded)

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52
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A

Space between the pleural layers.

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53
Q

What is the spinal cavity?

A

Space within spinal columns (backbones) containing the spinal cord.

Also called spinal canal.

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54
Q

What is the thoracic cavity?

A

Space in the chest containing heart, lungs, bronchial tubes, trachea, esophagus, and other organs.

55
Q

What does ventral (anterior) mean?

A

Pertaining to the front.

56
Q

Abdominopelvic regions: what is the name of the right and left upper regions beneath the ribs?

A

(R/L) hypochondriac region.

57
Q

Abdominopelvic regions; what is the middle upper region above the stomach?

A

Epigastric region.

58
Q

Abdominopelvic regions; what is the right and left middle region near the waist?

A

(R/L) lumbar region.

59
Q

Abdominopelvic regions; what is central region near the navel?

A

Umbilical region.

60
Q

Abdominopelvic regions; what is the right and left lower regions near the groin? What are the also called?

A

(R/L) inguinal region.

Or

(R/L) iliac region.

61
Q

Abdominopelvic regions; what is the middle lower region below the umbilical region?

A

Hypogastric region.

62
Q

Abdominopelvic quadrants; what does RUQ stand for? What does it contain?

A

Right upper quadrant.

Contains liver (rift lobe), gallbladder, part of the pancreas, parts of the small and large intestines.

63
Q

Abdominopelvic quadrants; what does LUQ stand for? What’s in it?

A

Left upper quadrant.

Contains liver (left lobe), stomach, spleen, part of pancreas, parts of small and large intestines.

64
Q

Abdominopelvic quadrants; what does RLQ mean? What does it contain?

A

Right lower quadrant.

Contains parts of small and large intestines, right ovary, right Fallopian tube, appendix, right ureter.

65
Q

Abdominopelvic quadrants; what is the LLQ? What does it contain?

A

Left lower quadrant.

Parts of small and large intestines, left ovary, left Fallopian tube, left ureter.

66
Q

Division of back; give a brief description of cervical division and how many vertebrae.

A

Neck region.

C1 to C7.

67
Q

Divisions of back; thoracic description and how many vertebrae?

A

Chest region.

T1 to T12.

68
Q

Divisions of back; describe lumbar and how many vertebrae.

A

Loin (waist) or flank region (between ribs and hipbone).

L1 to L5.

69
Q

Divisions of back; describe sacral.

A

Five bones (S1 to S5) fused to form one bone called sacrum.

70
Q

Divisions of back; what is the coccygeal division?

A

The coccyx (tailbone) is small bone composed of four fused pieces.

71
Q

What is vertebra?

A

Single backbone.

72
Q

What is vertebrae?

A

Backbones.

73
Q

What is the difference between spinal column and spinal cord?

A

Spinal column - backbones or vertebrae. Bone tissue surrounding spinal cavity.

Spinal cord - nerves surrounded by the column. Nervous tissue within spinal cavity.

74
Q

What is a disk (disc)

A

A pad of cartilage between vertebrae.

A shock absorber made of water and cartilage.

75
Q

What does anterior (ventral) mean?

A

Front surface of the body.

76
Q

What does deep mean?

A

Away from the surface.

77
Q

What does distal mean?

A

Far away from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure.

Ie) at its distal end, the femur joins with the knee

78
Q

What is the frontal (coronal) plane?

A

Vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions.

79
Q

What does inferior (caudal) mean?

A

Below another structure; pertaining to the tail of lower portion of the body.

80
Q

What does lateral mean?

A

Pertaining to the side.

81
Q

What does medial mean?

A

Pertaining to the middle or near the medial plane of the body.

82
Q

What does posterior (dorsal) mean?

A

Back surface of the body.

83
Q

What does prone mean?

A

Lying on the belly (face down, palms down).

84
Q

What does proximal mean?

A

Near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a structure.

Ie) the proximal end of the thigh bone (femur) joins with the hip socket.

85
Q

What is the sagittal (lateral) plane?

A

Lengthwise, vertical plane dividing the body or structure into right and left sides.

From the Latin sagitta, meaning arrow. As as arrow is shot from a bow it enters the body In the sagittal plane, diving left from right.

Midsagittal plane - divides body into left and right halves.

86
Q

What does superficial mean?

A

On the surface.

87
Q

What does superior (cephalic) mean?

A

Above another structure; pertaining to the head.

88
Q

What is supine?

A

Lying on the back (face up, palms up).

89
Q

What is the transverse (axial) plane?

A

Horizontal (cross-sectional) plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions.

90
Q

Combining forms; abdomin/o meaning?

A

Abdomen.

Region below chest containing internal organs (such as liver, intestines, stomach, gallbladder).

91
Q

Combing form; what is the meaning of adip/o?

A

Fat.

Lip/o is also combining form meaning fat.

92
Q

Combining form; anter/o?

A

Front.

93
Q

Combining form; what does cervic/o mean?

A

Neck (or the body or of the uterus).

In a gynecologic report cervical means cervix.

In a spinal radiologic report, cervical refers to neck.

94
Q

Combining form; chondr/o meaning?

A

Cartilage (type of connective tissue).

Ie) chondroma - tumour of cartilage (benign)

Chondrosarcoma - tumour of cartilage (malignant, cancerous)

95
Q

Combing form; what does chrom/o mean?

A

Colour.

Chromosomes. Absorb colour of dies to stain cell.

-somes means bodies.

“Bodies of colour,” because that’s how they appeared to researchers.

96
Q

Combining form; coccyg/o meaning?

A

Coccyx (tailbone).

97
Q

Combining form; what does crani/o mean?

A

Skull.

98
Q

Suffix meaning; plasm

A

Formation.

99
Q

Combining form; dist/o meaning?

A

Far, distant.

100
Q

Combining form; what does dors/o mean?

A

Back portion of the body.

101
Q

Combining form; hist/o?

A

Tissue.

102
Q

Combining form; what does ili/o mean?

A

Ilium (upper part of pelvic bone).

103
Q

Combining form; inguin/o meaning?

A

Groin.

104
Q

Combining form; what does kary/o mean?

A

Nucleus.

Ie) karyotype - picture of nucleus

105
Q

Combining form; later/o meaning?

A

Side.

106
Q

Combining form; what does lumb/o mean?

A

Lower back (side and back between ribs and pelvis).

Ie) lumbosacral

107
Q

Combining form; medi/o meaning?

A

Middle.

Ie) medial - pertaining to the middle

108
Q

Combining form; what does pelv/i mean?

A

Pelvis.

109
Q

Combining form; poster/o meaning?

A

Back, behind.

110
Q

Combining form; proxim/o meaning?

A

Nearest.

111
Q

Combining form; sacr/o?

A

Sacrum.

112
Q

Combining form; sarc/o?

A

Flesh.

113
Q

Combining form; spin/o?

A

Spine, backbone.

114
Q

Combining form; thel/o, theli/o?

A

Nipple (originally). This cell lies on body surfaces externally, and internally (cavities and organs).

Epithelial cell - skin cell (above skin)

115
Q

Combining form; thorac/o?

A

Chest.

116
Q

Combining form; umbilic/o?

A

Navel, umbilicus.

117
Q

Combining form; ventr/o?

A

Belly side of the body.

118
Q

Combining form; vertebr/o?

A

Vertebra(e), backbone(S).

119
Q

Combining form; viscer/o?

A

Internal organs.

120
Q

Prefix meaning; Ana-

A

Up.

Ie) anabolism.

121
Q

Prefix meaning; cata-

A

Down.

Catabolism.

122
Q

Prefix meaning; epi-

A

Above.

123
Q

Prefix meaning; hypo-

A

Below.

124
Q

Prefix meaning; inter-

A

Between.

125
Q

Prefix meaning; intra-

A

Within.

126
Q

Prefix meaning; meta-

A

Change.

Metabolism - chemical changes that occur in cell.

127
Q

Suffix meaning; -eal

A

Pertaining to.

128
Q

Suffix meaning; -iac

A

Pertaining to

129
Q

Suffix meaning; -ior

A

Pertaining to.

130
Q

Suffix meaning; -ism

A

Pertaining to.

131
Q

Suffix meaning; -ose

A

Pertaining to, full of.

132
Q

Suffix meaning; -plasm

A

Formation.

133
Q

Suffix meaning; -somes

A

Bodies.

134
Q

Suffix meaning; -type

A

Picture, classification.

Medical terminology (15 decks)

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