Chapter 2 - Terms Pertaining To Body As A Whole Flashcards
What is anabolism?
Process of building large protein pieces from small protein pieces (amino acids).
Ana - up
Bol - to cast
Ism - process
Anabolic steroids build protein within cells (similar to androgens - male hormones)
Occurs on endoplasmic reticulum.
What is catabolism?
Process where complex nutrients are broken down to simpler substances and energy is released.
Cata - down
Bol - cast
Ism - process
What is the cell membrane?
- surrounds and protects cell
- controls what pass into and out
What are chromosomes?
Rod-shaped structures in nucleus that contain DNA.
46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in every cell
(except gametes - egg and sperm - which have 23 individual)
What is cytoplasm?
all the material outside of nucleus, enclosed by cell membrane.
-plasm (suffix) means formation.
What is DNA?
(Deoxyribonucleic acid)
In each chromosome.
Regulates activities of cell according to its sequence (arrangement into genes) on each chromosome.
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
Network of canals that manufacture proteins for cells.
Ie) hormones and enzymes
Ribosomes are attached.
What are genes?
Regions of DNA within each chromosome.
What is a karyotype?
A picture of chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell.
Chromosomes are arranged by size shape and number. 23 is sex chromosome.
Trisomy 23 is Down syndrome.
What is metabolism?
Total chemical processes occurring in a cell. Includes catabolism and anabolism.
Meta - change
Bol - cast
Ism - process
What is the mitochondria?
Main energetic source of the cell (power house).
Catabolism occurs here.
Sausage shaped, use nutrients and oxygen to release entertainment stored in food.
What is the nucleus?
The control center of the cell. Contains chromosomes and directs activities.
Ie) directs cell division, determines structure and function of cell.
What are the characteristics of a muscle cell?
Long, slender, contains fibres that aid in contracting and relaxing.
What is an epithelial cell?
In short: a lining and skin cell.
May be square and flat to provide protection.
What are he characteristics of a nerve cell?
May be long, and have fibrous extensions that aid in carrying impulses.
What are the characteristics of a fat cell?
Contains large, empty spaces for fat storage.
What is a histologist?
Hist/o - tissue
Scientist who specializes in study of tissues.
What is epithelial tissue?
Forms the lining of internal organs, and outer surface of skin covering the body.
Also lines exocrine and endocrine glands and is responsible for secretions that glands produce.
Where can muscle tissue be located, and is it voluntary or involuntary?
Voluntary muscle locations - arms, legs, parts of body where movement is under conscious control.
Involuntary muscle - heart, digestive system, not under conscious control.
Cardiac muscle - only found in heart, duh!
What are examples of connective (fat) tissue?
Adipose (fat) tissue, cartilage (elastic, fibrous tissues attached to bones), bone, and blood.
Where can nerve tissue be found?
Never tissue conducts impulses all over the body.
What is the medical term for internal organs?
Viscera, or (singular) viscus.
What organs are in the digestive system?
Mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, intestines (small and large), liver, gallbladder, pancreas.
Which organs are in the urinary or excretory system?
- kidneys
- ureters (from kidney to urinary bladder)
- urinary bladder
- urethra(from bladder to outside)
Which organs are part of the respiratory system?
- nose
- pharynx
- larynx (voice box)
- trachea (windpipe)
- bronchial tubes
- lungs (exchange of gases)
Which organs are part of the FEMALE reproductive system?
- ovaries
- Fallopian tubes
- uterus (womb)
- vagina
- mammary glands
Which organs are part of the MALE reproductive system?
- testes and associated tubes
- urethra
- penis
- prostate gland
Which organs are part of the endocrine system?
- thyroid gland (in neck)
- pituitary gland (vase of brain)
- sex glands (ovaries and testes)
- adrenal glands
- pancreas (islets of langerhans)
- parathyroid glands
Which organs are part of the nervous system?
- brain
- spinal cord
- nerves
- collection of nerves
What organs are part of the circulatory system?
- heart
- blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)
- lymphatic vessels and nodes
- spleen
- thymus gland
What organs are part of the musculoskeletal system?
- muscles
- bones
- joints
What organs are part of the skin and sense organs?
- skin
- hair
- nails
- sweat glands
- sebaceous (oil) glands
- eye, ear, nose, tongue
What is adipose tissue?
A collection of fat cells.
What is cartilage?
Flexible connective tissue often attached to bones at joints.
Forms part of external ear and nose.
There are rings?? of cartilage around trachea.
What is a larynx?
Voice box; located at upper part of trachea.
What is a pharynx?
Throat. Passageway for food (from mouth to esophagus) and air (nose to trachea).
What is the pituitary gland?
Endocrine glands at base of brain.
What is the thyroid gland?
Endocrine gland that surrounds the trachea in the neck.
What is the trachea?
Windpipe (tube from throat to bronchial tubes).
What is a ureter?
One of two tubes leading from a kidney to the urinary bladder.
What is the urethra?
Tube from urinary bladder to outside.
What is uterus?
Womb; organ that holds embryo/fetus as it develops.
What does viscera mean?
Internal organs!
What is the abdominal cavity, where is it located?
- space below the chest
- contains: liver, stomach, gallbladder, intestines
- also called the abdomen or peritoneal cavity
What is the cranial cavity, and where is it located?
- space in head containing brain and surrounding skull
Cranial - pertaining to skull
What is the diaphragm?
Muscle separating abdominal and thoracic cavities.
- moves up and down to aid in breathing
What is the meaning of dorsal (posterior)?
Pertaining to the back.
What is the mediastinum?
Centrally located space outside of and between the lungs.
What is the pelvic cavity/where is it located?
Space below abdomen containing portions of intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, reproductive organs.
Pelvic - pertaining to the pelvis. Composed of hip bones surrounding pelvic cavity.
What is the peritoneum?
Double folded membrane surrounding abdominal cavity.
Attaches abdominal viscera to muscles and functions as protective membrane (containing blood vessels and nerves) around the organs.
What is the pleura?
Double-folded membrane surrounding each lung.
Pleura - pertaining to the pleura
(Think pushing your first into a balloon - double folded)
What is the pleural cavity?
Space between the pleural layers.
What is the spinal cavity?
Space within spinal columns (backbones) containing the spinal cord.
Also called spinal canal.
What is the thoracic cavity?
Space in the chest containing heart, lungs, bronchial tubes, trachea, esophagus, and other organs.
What does ventral (anterior) mean?
Pertaining to the front.
Abdominopelvic regions: what is the name of the right and left upper regions beneath the ribs?
(R/L) hypochondriac region.
Abdominopelvic regions; what is the middle upper region above the stomach?
Epigastric region.
Abdominopelvic regions; what is the right and left middle region near the waist?
(R/L) lumbar region.
Abdominopelvic regions; what is central region near the navel?
Umbilical region.
Abdominopelvic regions; what is the right and left lower regions near the groin? What are the also called?
(R/L) inguinal region.
Or
(R/L) iliac region.
Abdominopelvic regions; what is the middle lower region below the umbilical region?
Hypogastric region.
Abdominopelvic quadrants; what does RUQ stand for? What does it contain?
Right upper quadrant.
Contains liver (rift lobe), gallbladder, part of the pancreas, parts of the small and large intestines.
Abdominopelvic quadrants; what does LUQ stand for? What’s in it?
Left upper quadrant.
Contains liver (left lobe), stomach, spleen, part of pancreas, parts of small and large intestines.
Abdominopelvic quadrants; what does RLQ mean? What does it contain?
Right lower quadrant.
Contains parts of small and large intestines, right ovary, right Fallopian tube, appendix, right ureter.
Abdominopelvic quadrants; what is the LLQ? What does it contain?
Left lower quadrant.
Parts of small and large intestines, left ovary, left Fallopian tube, left ureter.
Division of back; give a brief description of cervical division and how many vertebrae.
Neck region.
C1 to C7.
Divisions of back; thoracic description and how many vertebrae?
Chest region.
T1 to T12.
Divisions of back; describe lumbar and how many vertebrae.
Loin (waist) or flank region (between ribs and hipbone).
L1 to L5.
Divisions of back; describe sacral.
Five bones (S1 to S5) fused to form one bone called sacrum.
Divisions of back; what is the coccygeal division?
The coccyx (tailbone) is small bone composed of four fused pieces.
What is vertebra?
Single backbone.
What is vertebrae?
Backbones.
What is the difference between spinal column and spinal cord?
Spinal column - backbones or vertebrae. Bone tissue surrounding spinal cavity.
Spinal cord - nerves surrounded by the column. Nervous tissue within spinal cavity.
What is a disk (disc)
A pad of cartilage between vertebrae.
A shock absorber made of water and cartilage.
What does anterior (ventral) mean?
Front surface of the body.
What does deep mean?
Away from the surface.
What does distal mean?
Far away from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure.
Ie) at its distal end, the femur joins with the knee
What is the frontal (coronal) plane?
Vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions.
What does inferior (caudal) mean?
Below another structure; pertaining to the tail of lower portion of the body.
What does lateral mean?
Pertaining to the side.
What does medial mean?
Pertaining to the middle or near the medial plane of the body.
What does posterior (dorsal) mean?
Back surface of the body.
What does prone mean?
Lying on the belly (face down, palms down).
What does proximal mean?
Near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a structure.
Ie) the proximal end of the thigh bone (femur) joins with the hip socket.
What is the sagittal (lateral) plane?
Lengthwise, vertical plane dividing the body or structure into right and left sides.
From the Latin sagitta, meaning arrow. As as arrow is shot from a bow it enters the body In the sagittal plane, diving left from right.
Midsagittal plane - divides body into left and right halves.
What does superficial mean?
On the surface.
What does superior (cephalic) mean?
Above another structure; pertaining to the head.
What is supine?
Lying on the back (face up, palms up).
What is the transverse (axial) plane?
Horizontal (cross-sectional) plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions.
Combining forms; abdomin/o meaning?
Abdomen.
Region below chest containing internal organs (such as liver, intestines, stomach, gallbladder).
Combing form; what is the meaning of adip/o?
Fat.
Lip/o is also combining form meaning fat.
Combining form; anter/o?
Front.
Combining form; what does cervic/o mean?
Neck (or the body or of the uterus).
In a gynecologic report cervical means cervix.
In a spinal radiologic report, cervical refers to neck.
Combining form; chondr/o meaning?
Cartilage (type of connective tissue).
Ie) chondroma - tumour of cartilage (benign)
Chondrosarcoma - tumour of cartilage (malignant, cancerous)
Combing form; what does chrom/o mean?
Colour.
Chromosomes. Absorb colour of dies to stain cell.
-somes means bodies.
“Bodies of colour,” because that’s how they appeared to researchers.
Combining form; coccyg/o meaning?
Coccyx (tailbone).
Combining form; what does crani/o mean?
Skull.
Suffix meaning; plasm
Formation.
Combining form; dist/o meaning?
Far, distant.
Combining form; what does dors/o mean?
Back portion of the body.
Combining form; hist/o?
Tissue.
Combining form; what does ili/o mean?
Ilium (upper part of pelvic bone).
Combining form; inguin/o meaning?
Groin.
Combining form; what does kary/o mean?
Nucleus.
Ie) karyotype - picture of nucleus
Combining form; later/o meaning?
Side.
Combining form; what does lumb/o mean?
Lower back (side and back between ribs and pelvis).
Ie) lumbosacral
Combining form; medi/o meaning?
Middle.
Ie) medial - pertaining to the middle
Combining form; what does pelv/i mean?
Pelvis.
Combining form; poster/o meaning?
Back, behind.
Combining form; proxim/o meaning?
Nearest.
Combining form; sacr/o?
Sacrum.
Combining form; sarc/o?
Flesh.
Combining form; spin/o?
Spine, backbone.
Combining form; thel/o, theli/o?
Nipple (originally). This cell lies on body surfaces externally, and internally (cavities and organs).
Epithelial cell - skin cell (above skin)
Combining form; thorac/o?
Chest.
Combining form; umbilic/o?
Navel, umbilicus.
Combining form; ventr/o?
Belly side of the body.
Combining form; vertebr/o?
Vertebra(e), backbone(S).
Combining form; viscer/o?
Internal organs.
Prefix meaning; Ana-
Up.
Ie) anabolism.
Prefix meaning; cata-
Down.
Catabolism.
Prefix meaning; epi-
Above.
Prefix meaning; hypo-
Below.
Prefix meaning; inter-
Between.
Prefix meaning; intra-
Within.
Prefix meaning; meta-
Change.
Metabolism - chemical changes that occur in cell.
Suffix meaning; -eal
Pertaining to.
Suffix meaning; -iac
Pertaining to
Suffix meaning; -ior
Pertaining to.
Suffix meaning; -ism
Pertaining to.
Suffix meaning; -ose
Pertaining to, full of.
Suffix meaning; -plasm
Formation.
Suffix meaning; -somes
Bodies.
Suffix meaning; -type
Picture, classification.
