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Medical terminology > Chapter 10 - Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Nervous System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Vocab; acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells.

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2
Q

Vocab; afferent nerve

A

Carries messages TOWARD the brain and spinal cord (sensory nerve).

Af is another form of ad (toward)

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3
Q

Vocab; arachnoid membrane

A

Middle layer of three membranes (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord.

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4
Q

Vocab; astrocyte

A

Type of glial (neuroglial) cell that transports water and salts from capillaries.

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5
Q

Vocab; autonomic nervous system

A

Nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs.

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6
Q

Vocab; axon

A

Microscopic fibre that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell.

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7
Q

Vocab; blood-brain barrier

A

Protective separation between the blood and brain cells.

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8
Q

Vocab; brainstem

A

Posterior portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord; includes midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.

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9
Q

Vocab; cauda equina

A

Collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord.

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10
Q

Vocab; cell body

A

Part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus.

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11
Q

Vocab; central nervous system

Aka?

A

CNS.

Brain and spinal cord.

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12
Q

Vocab; cerebellum

A

Posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance.

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13
Q

Vocab; cerebral cortex

A

Outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; grey matter of brain.

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14
Q

Vocab; cerebrospinal fluid

Aka?

A

CSF.

Circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord.

Protects brain and spinal cord from shock, acts like cushion.

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15
Q

Vocab; cerebrum

A

Largest part of brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, memory.

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16
Q

Vocab; cranial nerves

A

Twelve pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from brain with regard to head and neck (except the vagus nerve).

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17
Q

Vocab; dendrite

A

Microscopic branching fibre of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive nervous impulse.

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18
Q

Vocab; dura mater

A

Thick, outermost layer of meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord.

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19
Q

Vocab; efferent nerve

A

Carries messages AWAY from the brain and spinal cord; motor nerve.

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20
Q

Vocab; ependymal cell

A

Glial cell that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps from cerebrospinal fluid.

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21
Q

Vocab; ganglion

A

Collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system.

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22
Q

Vocab; glial cell (neuroglial cell)

A

Supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous impulses.

Ie) astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes.

Reproduce themselves as opposed to neurons.

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23
Q

Vocab; gyrus

A

Sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex; convolution.

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24
Q

Vocab; hypothalamus

A

Portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temperature, and secretions from the pituitary gland.

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25
Q

Vocab; medulla oblongata

What does it control?

A

Part of the brain just above the spinal cord;

controls breathing, heartbeat, size of blood vessels; nerve fibres cross over here.

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26
Q

Vocab; meninges

A

Three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.

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27
Q

Vocab; microglial cell

A

Phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the central nervous system.

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28
Q

Vocab; midbrain

A

Uppermost portion of the brainstem.

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29
Q

Vocab; motor nerve

A

Carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs; efferent nerve.

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30
Q

Vocab; myelin sheath

A

Covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulated the a con of a nerve cell.

Speeds impulse conduction along axons.

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31
Q

Vocab; nerve

A

Microscopic cord-like collection of fibres (axons and dendrites) that carry electrical impulses.

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32
Q

Vocab; neuron

A

Nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body; parenchyma of nervous system.

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33
Q

Vocab; neurotransmitter

A

Chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell.

Stimulates or inhibits another cell (nerve, muscle, gland).

Ie) acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin.

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34
Q

Vocab; oligodendroglial cell

A

Glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons.

Aka: oligodendrocyte

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35
Q

Vocab; parasympathetic nerves

A

Involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and muscles of the gastrointestinal tract.

36
Q

Vocab; parenchyma

A

Essential, distinguishing tissue of any organ or system.

Of nervous system: neurons, and nerves that carry impulses.

Liver: hepatocytes

Kidney: nephrons

37
Q

Vocab; peripheral nervous system

A

Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord: cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves.

38
Q

Vocab; pia mater

A

Thin, delicate inner membrane of meninges.

39
Q

Vocab; plexus

A

(Plural: plexuses)

Large, interlacing network of nerves.

Examples: lumbosacral, cervical, branchial (arm) plexuses.

40
Q

Vocab; pons

A

Part of brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and the rest of the midbrain.

Bridge connecting various parts of the brain.

41
Q

Vocab; receptor

A

Organ that receives a nervous stimulus and passes it on to afferent nerves.

Ie) skin, ears, eyes, taste buds

42
Q

Vocab; sciatic nerve

A

Nerve extending from base of spine down the thigh and lower leg.

Sciatica is pain or inflammation along the course of the nerves.

43
Q

Vocab; sensory nerve

A

Carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord from a receptor.

Afferent nerve.

44
Q

Vocab; spinal nerves

A

Thirty-one pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord.

45
Q

Vocab; stimulus

A

(Plural: stimuli)

Agent of change (light, sound, touch, pressure, pain) in the internal or external environment that evokes a response.

46
Q

Vocab; stroma

A

Connective and supporting tissue of an organ.

Glial cells make up stromal tissue in brain.

47
Q

Vocab; sulcus

A

(Plural: sulci)

Depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure.

48
Q

Vocab; sympathetic nerves

A

Autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress.

49
Q

Vocab; synapse

A

Space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle or glandular cells.

50
Q

Vocab; thalamus

A

Main relay centre of the brain. Conducts impulses between spinal cord and cerebrum; incoming sensory messages are related through thalamus to appropriate centres in cerebrum.

51
Q

Vocab; vagus nerve

A

Tenth cranial nerve (cranial nerve X); its branches reach to larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, stomach.

52
Q

Vocab; ventricles of the brain

A

Canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid.

Also found in heart.

53
Q

Combining form; cerebell/o

A

Cerebellum.

54
Q

Combining form; cerebr/o

A

Cerebrum.

55
Q

Combining form; dur/o

A

Dura mater.

56
Q

Combining form; encephal/o

A

Brain.

Ie) anencephaly: congenital brain malformation - not compatible with life.

57
Q

Combining form; gli/o

A

Glial cells.

Ie) glioblastoma: high malignant tumour.

58
Q

Combining form; lept/o

A

Thin, slender.

Ie) leptomeningeal: pia and arachnoid membranes are known as the leptomeninges bc thin, delicate structure.

59
Q

Combining form; mening/o, meningi/o

A

Membranes, meninges.

60
Q

Combining form; my/o

A

Muscle.

61
Q

Combining form; myel/o

A

Spinal cord (means bone marrow in other contexts).

Ie) poliomyelitis: viral disease that affects grey matter of spinal cord leading to some paralysis.

Polio: grey matter

62
Q

Combining form; neur/o

A

Nerve.

Neuropathy: disease of peripheral nerve.

63
Q

Combining form; pont/o

A

Pons.

Ie) cerebellopontine: pertaining to the cerebellum and pons.

64
Q

Suffix meaning; -ine

A

Pertaining to.

65
Q

Combining form; radicul/o

A

Nerve root (of spinal nerves).

Ie) radiculopathy: disease of nerve root. Sciatica is one.

66
Q

Combining form; thalam/o

A

Thalamus.

67
Q

Combining form; thec/o

A

Sheath (refers to the meninges).

Ie) intrathecal injection: injection within sheath (of meninges). Chemical such as chemotherapeutic drugs can be delivered into the subarachnoid space.

68
Q

Combining form; vag/o

A

Vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve).

69
Q

Combining form; alges/o

A

Sensitivity to pain.

70
Q

Suffix meaning; -algesia

A

Sensitivity to pain.

Ie) hypalgesia: diminished sensation of pain.

71
Q

Suffix meaning; -algia

A

Pain.

ie) neuralgia: nerve pain.
cephalgia: pain of head. Headaches.

72
Q

Combining form; caus/o

A

Burning.

Ie) causalgia: intense burning pain following injury to a sensory nerve.

73
Q

Combining form; comat/o

A

Deep sleep (coma).

Comatose: pertaining to a deep sleep.

74
Q

Combining form; esthesi/o

A

Feeling, nervous, sensation.

Anesthesia: lack of normal sensation.

75
Q

Suffix meaning: -esthesia

A

Feeling, nervous, sensation.

Ie) hyperesthesia: increased sensation to pain.

Paresthesia: abnormal sensation.

76
Q

Combining form; kines/o, kinesi/o

A

Movement.

77
Q

Suffix meaning; -kinesia, -kinesis, -kinetic

A

Movement.

Ie) bradykinesia: slow movement.

hyperkinesis: increased movement.
dyskinesia: abnormal movement. Spasmodic.
akinetic: lack of movement.

78
Q

Suffix meaning; -lepsy

A

Seizure.

Narcolepsy: sleep seizing you. Sudden, uncontrollable compulsion to sleep.

79
Q

Combining form; lex/o

A

Word, phrase.

Ie) dyslexia: development of a reading disorder occurring when the brain does not properly recognize, process, and interpret language.

80
Q

Suffix meaning; -paresis

A

Weakness.

Hemiparesis: weakness of half of body (L or R).

Paresis: used by self to mean partial paralysis or weakness of muscles.

81
Q

Suffix meaning: -phasia

A

Speech.

Ie) aphasia: difficulty with speech.

Motor: knows what they want to say but cannot say it.

Sensory: difficulty understanding language and may articulate easily but use words inappropriately.

82
Q

Suffix meaning: -plegia

A

Paralysis (loss or impairment of ability to move body parts).

Ie) hemiplegia: (L/R) half of body, stroke or brain injury. Contralateral yo brain lesion.

Paraplegia: both legs, lower body.

Quadriplegia: paralysis of all 4 extremities. Injury at cervical level.

83
Q

Suffix meaning: -praxia

A

Action.

Apraxia: movements and behaviour are not purposeful.

Motor apraxia: cannot use and object or perform a task.

84
Q

Suffix meaning: -sthenia

A

Strength.

Ie) neurasthenia: nervous exhaustion and fatigue, often following depression.

85
Q

Combining form; syncop/o

A

To cut off, cut short.

Syncope: fainting. Sudden and temporary loss of consciousness due to inadequate blood flow to brain.

Syncopal: pertaining to fainting.

86
Q

Combining form; tax/o

A

Order, coordination.

Ie) ataxia: condition of decreased coordination.

Medical terminology (15 decks)

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