Chapter 10 - Nervous System Flashcards
Vocab; acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells.
Vocab; afferent nerve
Carries messages TOWARD the brain and spinal cord (sensory nerve).
Af is another form of ad (toward)
Vocab; arachnoid membrane
Middle layer of three membranes (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord.
Vocab; astrocyte
Type of glial (neuroglial) cell that transports water and salts from capillaries.
Vocab; autonomic nervous system
Nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs.
Vocab; axon
Microscopic fibre that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell.
Vocab; blood-brain barrier
Protective separation between the blood and brain cells.
Vocab; brainstem
Posterior portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord; includes midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
Vocab; cauda equina
Collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord.
Vocab; cell body
Part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus.
Vocab; central nervous system
Aka?
CNS.
Brain and spinal cord.
Vocab; cerebellum
Posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance.
Vocab; cerebral cortex
Outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; grey matter of brain.
Vocab; cerebrospinal fluid
Aka?
CSF.
Circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord.
Protects brain and spinal cord from shock, acts like cushion.
Vocab; cerebrum
Largest part of brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, memory.
Vocab; cranial nerves
Twelve pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from brain with regard to head and neck (except the vagus nerve).
Vocab; dendrite
Microscopic branching fibre of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive nervous impulse.
Vocab; dura mater
Thick, outermost layer of meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord.
Vocab; efferent nerve
Carries messages AWAY from the brain and spinal cord; motor nerve.
Vocab; ependymal cell
Glial cell that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps from cerebrospinal fluid.
Vocab; ganglion
Collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system.
Vocab; glial cell (neuroglial cell)
Supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous impulses.
Ie) astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes.
Reproduce themselves as opposed to neurons.
Vocab; gyrus
Sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex; convolution.
Vocab; hypothalamus
Portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temperature, and secretions from the pituitary gland.
Vocab; medulla oblongata
What does it control?
Part of the brain just above the spinal cord;
controls breathing, heartbeat, size of blood vessels; nerve fibres cross over here.
Vocab; meninges
Three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.
Vocab; microglial cell
Phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the central nervous system.
Vocab; midbrain
Uppermost portion of the brainstem.
Vocab; motor nerve
Carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs; efferent nerve.
Vocab; myelin sheath
Covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulated the a con of a nerve cell.
Speeds impulse conduction along axons.
Vocab; nerve
Microscopic cord-like collection of fibres (axons and dendrites) that carry electrical impulses.
Vocab; neuron
Nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body; parenchyma of nervous system.
Vocab; neurotransmitter
Chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell.
Stimulates or inhibits another cell (nerve, muscle, gland).
Ie) acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin.
Vocab; oligodendroglial cell
Glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons.
Aka: oligodendrocyte
Vocab; parasympathetic nerves
Involuntary, autonomic nerves that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and muscles of the gastrointestinal tract.
Vocab; parenchyma
Essential, distinguishing tissue of any organ or system.
Of nervous system: neurons, and nerves that carry impulses.
Liver: hepatocytes
Kidney: nephrons
Vocab; peripheral nervous system
Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord: cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves.
Vocab; pia mater
Thin, delicate inner membrane of meninges.
Vocab; plexus
(Plural: plexuses)
Large, interlacing network of nerves.
Examples: lumbosacral, cervical, branchial (arm) plexuses.
Vocab; pons
Part of brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and the rest of the midbrain.
Bridge connecting various parts of the brain.
Vocab; receptor
Organ that receives a nervous stimulus and passes it on to afferent nerves.
Ie) skin, ears, eyes, taste buds
Vocab; sciatic nerve
Nerve extending from base of spine down the thigh and lower leg.
Sciatica is pain or inflammation along the course of the nerves.
Vocab; sensory nerve
Carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord from a receptor.
Afferent nerve.
Vocab; spinal nerves
Thirty-one pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord.
Vocab; stimulus
(Plural: stimuli)
Agent of change (light, sound, touch, pressure, pain) in the internal or external environment that evokes a response.
Vocab; stroma
Connective and supporting tissue of an organ.
Glial cells make up stromal tissue in brain.
Vocab; sulcus
(Plural: sulci)
Depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure.
Vocab; sympathetic nerves
Autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress.
Vocab; synapse
Space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle or glandular cells.
Vocab; thalamus
Main relay centre of the brain. Conducts impulses between spinal cord and cerebrum; incoming sensory messages are related through thalamus to appropriate centres in cerebrum.
Vocab; vagus nerve
Tenth cranial nerve (cranial nerve X); its branches reach to larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, stomach.
Vocab; ventricles of the brain
Canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid.
Also found in heart.
Combining form; cerebell/o
Cerebellum.
Combining form; cerebr/o
Cerebrum.
Combining form; dur/o
Dura mater.
Combining form; encephal/o
Brain.
Ie) anencephaly: congenital brain malformation - not compatible with life.
Combining form; gli/o
Glial cells.
Ie) glioblastoma: high malignant tumour.
Combining form; lept/o
Thin, slender.
Ie) leptomeningeal: pia and arachnoid membranes are known as the leptomeninges bc thin, delicate structure.
Combining form; mening/o, meningi/o
Membranes, meninges.
Combining form; my/o
Muscle.
Combining form; myel/o
Spinal cord (means bone marrow in other contexts).
Ie) poliomyelitis: viral disease that affects grey matter of spinal cord leading to some paralysis.
Polio: grey matter
Combining form; neur/o
Nerve.
Neuropathy: disease of peripheral nerve.
Combining form; pont/o
Pons.
Ie) cerebellopontine: pertaining to the cerebellum and pons.
Suffix meaning; -ine
Pertaining to.
Combining form; radicul/o
Nerve root (of spinal nerves).
Ie) radiculopathy: disease of nerve root. Sciatica is one.
Combining form; thalam/o
Thalamus.
Combining form; thec/o
Sheath (refers to the meninges).
Ie) intrathecal injection: injection within sheath (of meninges). Chemical such as chemotherapeutic drugs can be delivered into the subarachnoid space.
Combining form; vag/o
Vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve).
Combining form; alges/o
Sensitivity to pain.
Suffix meaning; -algesia
Sensitivity to pain.
Ie) hypalgesia: diminished sensation of pain.
Suffix meaning; -algia
Pain.
ie) neuralgia: nerve pain.
cephalgia: pain of head. Headaches.
Combining form; caus/o
Burning.
Ie) causalgia: intense burning pain following injury to a sensory nerve.
Combining form; comat/o
Deep sleep (coma).
Comatose: pertaining to a deep sleep.
Combining form; esthesi/o
Feeling, nervous, sensation.
Anesthesia: lack of normal sensation.
Suffix meaning: -esthesia
Feeling, nervous, sensation.
Ie) hyperesthesia: increased sensation to pain.
Paresthesia: abnormal sensation.
Combining form; kines/o, kinesi/o
Movement.
Suffix meaning; -kinesia, -kinesis, -kinetic
Movement.
Ie) bradykinesia: slow movement.
hyperkinesis: increased movement.
dyskinesia: abnormal movement. Spasmodic.
akinetic: lack of movement.
Suffix meaning; -lepsy
Seizure.
Narcolepsy: sleep seizing you. Sudden, uncontrollable compulsion to sleep.
Combining form; lex/o
Word, phrase.
Ie) dyslexia: development of a reading disorder occurring when the brain does not properly recognize, process, and interpret language.
Suffix meaning; -paresis
Weakness.
Hemiparesis: weakness of half of body (L or R).
Paresis: used by self to mean partial paralysis or weakness of muscles.
Suffix meaning: -phasia
Speech.
Ie) aphasia: difficulty with speech.
Motor: knows what they want to say but cannot say it.
Sensory: difficulty understanding language and may articulate easily but use words inappropriately.
Suffix meaning: -plegia
Paralysis (loss or impairment of ability to move body parts).
Ie) hemiplegia: (L/R) half of body, stroke or brain injury. Contralateral yo brain lesion.
Paraplegia: both legs, lower body.
Quadriplegia: paralysis of all 4 extremities. Injury at cervical level.
Suffix meaning: -praxia
Action.
Apraxia: movements and behaviour are not purposeful.
Motor apraxia: cannot use and object or perform a task.
Suffix meaning: -sthenia
Strength.
Ie) neurasthenia: nervous exhaustion and fatigue, often following depression.
Combining form; syncop/o
To cut off, cut short.
Syncope: fainting. Sudden and temporary loss of consciousness due to inadequate blood flow to brain.
Syncopal: pertaining to fainting.
Combining form; tax/o
Order, coordination.
Ie) ataxia: condition of decreased coordination.
