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Medical terminology > Chapter 5 - Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Digestive System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are the four functions of the digestive system?

A
  1. Ingestion: food material is ingested into mouth
  2. Digestion: food is broken down mechanically and chemically as it travels. Enzymes speed up chem reactions.
  3. Absorption: nutrients from digested food passes through lining cells (epithelium) of small intestine into blood stream. To all cells.
  4. Elimination: solid wastes not absorbed are eliminated.
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2
Q

Where does the gastrointestinal tract begin?

A

The oral cavity.

Oral - pertaining to the mouth.

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3
Q

What is the hard palate?

A

Anterior portion of the roof of the mouth.

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4
Q

What is the soft palate?

A

Lies posterior to hard palate. Muscular.

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5
Q

What is rugae?

A

Irregular ridges in the mucous membrane, covering anterior portion of hard palate.

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6
Q

What is the uvula?

A

Soft, small, tissue projection hanging from soft palate.

Aids in production of sounds and speech.

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7
Q

What is the tongue?

A

Extends across floor of oral cavity, muscles attach it to lower jawbone. Moves food around during mastication and deglutition.

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8
Q

What is papillae?

A

Small raised areas on tongue, contain taste buds, sensitive to chemical nature of food.

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9
Q

What are tonsils?

A

Masses of lymphatic tissue located in depressions of mucous membranes.

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10
Q

How many permanent teeth are in entire oral cavity?

A

32.

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11
Q

What is a crown (tooth)?

A

What show above the gum line.

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12
Q

What is a root (tooth)?

A

What lies within bony tooth socket.

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13
Q

What is enamel?

A

The outermost layer of the crown.

Protects the tooth.

Hardest tissue in human body.

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14
Q

What is dentin (tooth)?

A

Main substance of tooth, beneath enamel, extends throughout crown.

Colour ranges from creamy white to yellow and affects colour of teeth bc enamel is translucent.

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15
Q

What is the cementum?

A

It covers, protects, and supports dentin in root.

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16
Q

What is the pulp (tooth)?

A

Lies underneath dentin.

Soft tissue that fills center of tooth.

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17
Q

What are salivary glands?

A

Exocrine glands that produce saliva, lubricating mouth.

Saliva contains digestive enzymes and healing factors.

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18
Q

What are the three salivary glands?

A

The parotid gland.

The submandibular gland.

The sublingual gland.

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19
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

Throat.

Passageway for air; nose—> windpipe (trachea).

Passageway for food; mouth —> esophagus.

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20
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

Cartilaginous flap of tissue, covers trachea so good doesn’t enter.

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21
Q

What is the esophagus?

A

9-10inches.

Muscular tube extending from pharynx to stomach.

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22
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Involuntary, progressive, rhythmic contraction in wall muscles of esophagus and other GI organs, propelling bolus.

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23
Q

What is a bolus?

A

Mass of ingested food, chewed and swallowed.

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24
Q

What are the three main parts of the stomach?

A

Fundus: upper portion

Body: middle section

Antrum: lower portion

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25
Q

What are sphincters?

A

Rings of muscle control opening into and out of stomach.

Prevent food from regurgitating (flowing backward).

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26
Q

What is the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)?

A

Relaxes and contracts to allow food from esophagus to enter stomach.

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27
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter?

A

Allows food to leave stomach and enter small intestine.

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28
Q

What are the folds of the mucous membrane lining of the stomach called? What do they do?

A

Rugae.

Increase SA for digestion. Contain glands that produces enzyme pepsin (begins breakdown of proteins)

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29
Q

What is hydrochloride acid for?

A

Secreted to digest protein.

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30
Q

What is the stomach’s main job?

A

Prepare food for small intestine (whee further digestion and absorption into bloodstream take place)

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31
Q

What is the small intestine? What are the three parts?

A

Aka the small bowel.

Extends for 20 feet from pyloric sphincter of stomach to large intestine.

  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum
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32
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

Receives food from stomach, bile from liver and gallbladder, pancreatic juices from pancreas.

Helps digest food before it passes to jejunum.

About a foot long.

First part of small intestine.

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33
Q

What is the jejunum?

A

Second part of small intestine.

8 feet long.

Connects ileum.

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34
Q

What is the ileum?

A

Attaches to first part of large intestine.

About 11 feet long.

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35
Q

What is villi?

A

Microscopic projections that line walls of small intestine.

Tiny capillaries in villi absorb digestive nutrients into blood stream and lymph vessels.

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36
Q

What is the large intestine? What are the three main components?

A

Aka large bowel.

Extends from ileum to the anus.

  1. Cecum: pouch on right side that connects ileum at ileocecal valve. Appendix hangs from.
  2. Colon: 5 feet long, four segments. ATDS.
  3. Rectum
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37
Q

What is are the parts of the colon?

A

Ascending colon: extends from cecum to under surface of liver where a.colon turns left at (hepatic flexure) to become T. Colon.

Transverse colon: passes horizontally to left toward spleen then turns downward (splenic flexure) to become d.c.

Descending colon.

Sigmoid: S shaped. Leads to rectum.

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38
Q

What is the liver? Where is located? What is bile?

A

Located in RUQ.

Manufactures thick, orange/black/greenish substance called bile.

Bile contains cholesterol (fatty substance), bile pigments.

Bilirubin - produces from breakdown of hemoglobin during normal RBC destruction. Pigment.

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39
Q

What is the gallbladder?

A

The cystic duct leads to the gallbladder.

It is a pear shaped sac under liver, which stores and concentrates the bile for later use.

Ie) after meals, gallbladder contracts forcing bladder from cystic duct into common bile duct.

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40
Q

What does the pancreas secrete?

A

Secretes pancreatic juice (enzymes) released into pancreatic duct which joins common bile duct at duodenum.

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41
Q

What are some other functions of the liver?

A
  • helps maintain normal blood glucose levels
  • manufactures blood proteins necessary for clotting
  • releases bilirubin
  • removes toxins/poisons from blood
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42
Q

What kind of organ is the pancreas? Exo or endo?

A

Exocrine and endocrine.

Exocrine - produces enzymes like lipase (digests fat), amylase (starch), and protease (protein).

Endocrine - secretes insulin, needed to help release sugar from blood and acts as carrier to bring glucose into cells for energy.

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43
Q

List the food pathway through the GI tract.

A

Food enters:

- oral cavity

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44
Q

Vocab: absorption

A

Passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into bloodstream.

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45
Q

Vocab: amino acid

A

Small building blocks of proteins (like links in a chain), released when proteins are digested.

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46
Q

Vocab: amylase

A

Enzyme (-ase) secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch (amyl/o)

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47
Q

Vocab: anus

A

Terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body.

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48
Q

Vocab: appendix

A

Pouch hanging from the cecum (in RLQ).

Literal meaning: hanging (pend/o) onto (ap-, a form of ad-)

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49
Q

Vocab: bile

A

Digestive juice made in liver, stored in gallbladder.

It emulsifies large fat globules.

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50
Q

Vocab: bilirubin

A

Pigment released by liver in bile.

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51
Q

Vocab: bowel

A

Intestine.

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52
Q

Vocab: canine teeth

A

Pointed, dog-like teeth next to incisors.

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53
Q

Vocab: cecum

A

First part of large intestine

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54
Q

Vocab: colon

A

Portion of large intestine consisting of A, T, D, S

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55
Q

Vocab: common bile duct

A

Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to duodenum.

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56
Q

Vocab: defecation

A

Elimination of feces from digestive tract through anus

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57
Q

Vocab: deglutition

A

Swallowing.

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58
Q

Vocab: dentin

A

Primary material found in teeth’s covered by enamel in crown, and protective layer of cementum in root.

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59
Q

Vocab: digestion

A

Breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms.

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60
Q

Vocab: duodenum

A

First part of small intestine.

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61
Q

Vocab: elimination

A

Act of removing materials from body.

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62
Q

Vocab: emulsification

A

Physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller, increasing SA that enzymes can use to digest fat

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63
Q

Vocab: enamel

A

Hard, outermost layer of tooth.

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64
Q

Vocab: enzyme

A

Chemical that speeds up reaction between substances.

Digestive enzymes break down complex foods into simpler substances.

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65
Q

Vocab: esophagus

A

Tube connecting throat to stomach.

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66
Q

Vocab: fatty acids

A

Substances produced when fats are digested.

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67
Q

Vocab: feces

A

Solid waste or stool.

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68
Q

Vocab: gallbladder

A

Small sac under live that stores and concentrated bile.

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69
Q

Vocab: glucose

A

Simple sugar.

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70
Q

Vocab: glycogen

A

Starch; glucose is stored in from of glycogen in liver cells.

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71
Q

Vocab: hydrochloric acid

A

Substance produced in stomach; necessary for digestion.

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72
Q

Vocab: ileum

A

Third part of small intestine.

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73
Q

Vocab: incisors

A

Any one of four front teeth.

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74
Q

Vocab: insulin

A

Hormone produced from endocrine cells of pancreas.

Transports sugar from blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by liver.

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75
Q

Vocab: jejunum

A

Second part of small intestine.

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76
Q

Vocab: lipase

A

A pancreatic enzyme to digest fats.

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77
Q

Vocab: liver

A

Large organ located in RUQ.

Secretes bile, stores sugar, iron, vitamins, produces blood proteins, destroys worn out RBCs, filters out toxins.

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78
Q

Vocab: lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

A

Ring of muscles between esophagus and stomach.

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79
Q

Vocab: mastication

A

Chewing.

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80
Q

Vocab: molar teeth

A

6th, 7th, 8th teeth from middle on either side.

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81
Q

Vocab: palate

A

Roof of the mouth.

Hard palate lies anterior to soft palate.

82
Q

Vocab: pancreas

A

Organ behind stomach.

Produces insulin, and enzymes.

83
Q

Vocab: papillae

A

Small projections on tongue.

84
Q

Vocab: parotid gland

A

Salivary glands within cheek, anterior to ears.

85
Q

Vocab: peristalsis

A

Rhythmic contraction of tubular organs.

86
Q

Vocab: pharynx

A

Throat.

87
Q

Vocab: portal vein

A

Large vein bringing blood to liver from intestines.

88
Q

Vocab: protease

A

Enzyme that digests protein.

89
Q

Vocab: pulp

A

Soft tissue in tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels.

90
Q

Vocab: pyloric sphincter

A

Ring of muscle, at end of stomach near duodenum.

91
Q

Vocab: pylorus

A

Distal region of stomach, opening to duodenum.

92
Q

Vocab: rectum

A

Last section of large intestine, connecting end of colon and anus

93
Q

Vocab: rugae

A

Ridges on hard palate and wall of stomach.

94
Q

Vocab: saliva

A

Digestive juice produced by salivary glands, contains amylase which digests starch to sugar.

95
Q

Vocab: salivary glands

A

Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular.

96
Q

Vocab: sigmoid colon

A

Fourth and last S-shaped part of colon, just before rectum.

97
Q

Vocab: sphincter

A

Circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes natural opening.

98
Q

Vocab: stomach

A

Muscular organ that receives food from esophagus

Parts are: the fundus, the body, and the antrum

99
Q

Vocab: triglycerides

A

Fat molecules composed of three part fatty acids and one part glycerol.

100
Q

Vocab: uvula

A

Soft tissue hanging from soft palate.

101
Q

Vocab: villi

A

Microscopic projections on walls of small intestine that absorb nutrients into bloodstream.

102
Q

Combining form meaning; an/o

A

Anus

103
Q

Combining form meaning; append/o?

A

Appendix.

104
Q

Combining form meaning; bucc/o?

A

Cheek.

105
Q

Combining form meaning; cec/o?

A

Cecum.

106
Q

Combining form meaning; celi/o

A

Belly, abdomen.

107
Q

Combining form meaning; cheil/o?

A

Lip.

108
Q

Combining form meaning; cholecyst/o?

A

Gallbladder.

109
Q

Combining form meaning; choldedoch?

A

Common bile duct.

110
Q

Combining form meaning; col/o, colon/o?

A

Colon.

111
Q

Combining form meaning; dent/i?

A

Tooth.

112
Q

Combining form meaning; duoden/o?

A

Duodenum.

113
Q

Combining form meaning; enter/o?

A

Intestines, usually small.

114
Q

Combining form meaning; esophag/o?

A

Esophagus.

115
Q

Combining form meaning; faci/o?

A

Face.

116
Q

Combining form meaning; gastr/o?

A

Stomach.

117
Q

Combining form meaning; gingiv/o?

A

Gums.

118
Q

Combining form meaning; gloss/o?

A

Tongue.

119
Q

Combining form meaning; hepat/o?

A

Liver.

120
Q

Combining form meaning; ile/o?

A

Ileum.

121
Q

Combining form meaning; jejun/o?

A

Jejunum.

122
Q

Combining form meaning; labi/o?

A

Lip.

123
Q

Combining form meaning; lapar/o?

A

Abdomen.

124
Q

Combining form meaning; lingu/o?

A

Tongue.

125
Q

Combining form meaning; mandibul/o?

A

Mandible, lower jaw.

126
Q

Combining form meaning; odont/o?

A

Tooth.

127
Q

Combining form meaning; or/o?

A

Mouth.

128
Q

Combining form meaning; palat/o?

A

Palate.

129
Q

Combining form meaning; pancreat/o?

A

Pancreas.

130
Q

Combining form meaning; peritone/o?

A

Peritoneum.

131
Q

Combining form meaning; pharyng/o?

A

Throat.

132
Q

Combining form meaning; proct/o?

A

Anus and rectum.

133
Q

Combining form meaning; pylor/o?

A

Pyloric sphincter.

134
Q

Combining form meaning; rect/o?

A

Rectum.

135
Q

Combining form meaning; sialaden/o?

A

Salivary gland.

136
Q

Combining form meaning; sigmoid/o?

A

Sigmoid colon.

137
Q

Combining form meaning; stomat/o?

A

Mouth.

138
Q

Combining form meaning; uvul/o?

A

Uvula.

139
Q

Combining form meaning; amyl/o?

A

Starch.

140
Q

Combining form meaning; bil/i?

A

Gall, bile.

141
Q

Combining form meaning; bilirubin/o?

A

Bilirubin (bile pigment).

142
Q

Combining form meaning; chol/e?

A

Gall, bile.

143
Q

Combining form meaning; chlorhydr/o?

A

Hydrochloric acid.

144
Q

Combining form meaning; gluc/o?

A

Sugar.

145
Q

Combining form meaning; glyc/o?

A

Sugar.

146
Q

Combining form meaning; glycogen/o?

A

Glycogen, animal starch.

147
Q

Combining form meaning; lip/o?

A

Fat, lipid.

148
Q

Combining form meaning; lith/o?

A

Stone.

149
Q

Combining form meaning; prote/o?

A

Protein.

150
Q

Combining form meaning; py/o?

A

Pus.

151
Q

Combining form meaning; sial/o?

A

Saliva, salivary.

152
Q

Combining form meaning; steat/o?

A

Fat.

153
Q

Suffix meaning; -ase

A

Enzyme

154
Q

Suffix meaning; -chezia

A

Defecation, elimination of wastes

155
Q

Suffix meaning; -iasis

A

Abnormal condition

156
Q

Suffix meaning; -prandial

A

Meal

157
Q

What does etiology mean?

A

Referring to the cause of a treatment.

Eti/o = cause.

158
Q

What does idiopathic mean?

A

When the etiology (cause) is not understood the condition is idiopathic.

Idi/o = unknown.

159
Q

What is anorexia? What is it a sign of?

A

A lack of appetite.

Sign of malignancy or liver disease .

160
Q

What is ascites?

A

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in abdomen.

Occurs when fluid passes from bloodstream and collects in peritoneal cavity.

Sign of neoplasm or inflammatory disorders in abdomen.

161
Q

What is borborygmi (borborygmus)?

A

Rumbling or gurgling noises produced by movement of gas, fluid, or both in GI tract.

162
Q

What is constipation?

A

Difficulty in passing stools/feces.

163
Q

What is diarrhea?

A

The frequent passage of loose watery stools.

164
Q

What is dysphagia?

A

Difficulty in swallowing.

Can be due to physical obstruction or motor disorder.

165
Q

What is eructation.

A

Has expelled from stomach to mouth.

Belching.

166
Q

What is flatus?

A

Has expelled from anus.

167
Q

What is hematochezia?

A

Passage of fresh, bright red blood from rectum.

Cause: usually hemorrhoid, colitis, ulcers, polyps, or cancer.

168
Q

What is jaundice (icterus)?

A

Yellow/organs coloration of skin and whites of eyes due to high levels of bilirubin in blood.

169
Q

What is melena?

A

Black, tarry stools; contain digested blood.

Usually reflects condition in which blood has had time to digest and results from bleeding in upper GI tract.

170
Q

What is nausea?

A

Unpleasant feeling in stomach with tendency to vomit.

Common causes: motion sickness, early pregnancy, viral gastroenteritis.

171
Q

What is streatorrhea?

A

Fat in feces.

Improper digestion or absorption of fat causes fat to remain in intestine.

Can be sign of intestinal disease involving malabsorption of fat.

172
Q

What is aphthous stomatitis?

A

Inflammation of mouth with small, painful ulcers.

Canker sores.

173
Q

What are dental caries?

A

Tooth decay.

Dental plaque results from accumulation, bacteria grown in black and cause production of acid that dissolve tooth enamel = cavity

174
Q

What is hermetic stomatitis?

A

Inflammation of mouth caused by infection with the herpesvirus.

Painful fluid filled blisters. Cold sores.

175
Q

What is oral leukoplakia?

A

White plaques or patches on mucosa of mouth.

Precancerous lesion. Result from chronic tobacco use.

176
Q

What is periodontal disease?

A

Inflammation and regeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone.

177
Q

What is achalasia?

A

Failure of LES to relax.

Results from loss of peristalsis, so good can’t pass easily.

178
Q

What is esophageal cancer?

A

Malignant tumour of the esophagus.

179
Q

What are esophageal varices?

A

Swollen, varicose veins at lower end of esophagus.

Liver disease causes increased pressure in veins near and around liver, leads to enlarged esophageal veins with danger of hemorrhage or bleeding.

180
Q

What is gastric cancer?

A

A malignant tumour of the stomach.

Causes: smoking, alcohol, chronic gastritis associated with bacterial infections.

181
Q

What is gastroesophageal reflux disease?

A

Solids and fluids return to mouth from stomach.

Heartburn caused by regurgitation of hydrochloric acid from stomach to esophagus.

182
Q

What is a hernia?

A

Protrusion of organ or part through tissue and muscles normally containing it.

Hiatal hernia - stomach protrudes upward through diaphragm (can lead to GERD)

Inguinal hernia - loop of bowel protrudes through weak lower abdominal wall tissue surrounding muscles

183
Q

What is a peptic ulcer?

A

Open sore in lining of stomach or duodenum.

184
Q

What is anal fistula?

A

Abnormal tubelike passage near anus.

Results from break or fissure in wall of anus, or abscess (infected area) there

185
Q

What are colonic polyps?

A

Polyps (benign growths) protrude from mucous membrane of colon.

186
Q

What is colorectal cancer?

A

Adenocarcinoma of the colon, rectum, or both.

Can arise from: polyps in colon or recital region

Diagnosis: blood in stool, colonoscopy.

Prognosis depends on stage

187
Q

What is Crohn’s?

A

Chronic inflammation of intestinal tract.

Can occur anywhere mouth to anus, most commonly in ileum.

IBD (inflammatory bowel disease)

188
Q

What is diverticulosis?

A

Abnormal outpourings (diverticula) in intestinal wall of colon.

189
Q

What is dysentery?

A

Painful inflammation of intestines cause by bacterial infection.

Ie) ingestion of food or water containing bacteria

190
Q

What are hemorrhoids?

A

Swollen, twisted, varicose veins in rectal region

Can be internal or external to anal sphincter.

Causes: pregnancy, constipation.

191
Q

What is ileus?

A

Loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of intestines.

192
Q

What is inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?

A

Inflammation of colon and small intestine.

Can be result of crohns or ulcerative colitis.

193
Q

What is intussusception?

A

Telescoping of the intestines.

One segment of bowel collapses into opening of another segment.

194
Q

What is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

A

Group of GI symptoms; abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloating, constipation) but without defined abnormalities in intestines.

195
Q

What is ulcerative colitis?

A

Chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers.

196
Q

What is volvulus?

A

Twisting of intestine on itself.

Causes intestinal obstruction, severe pain, nausea and vomiting.

Absence of bowel sounds: clinics features.

197
Q

What is the cholelithiasis?

A

Gallstone in the gallbladder.

198
Q

What is cirrhosis?

A

Chronic degenerative disease of liver.

Results from: chronic alcoholism, viral hepatitis, iron overload, etc.

Lobes of liver become scarred with fibrous tissue, hepatic cells degenerate, liver infiltrates with fat.

199
Q

What is hepatocellular carcinoma? HCC

A

Liver cancer.

Cancer that’s starts in liver; primary.

Secondary; starts in other organ metastasizes to liver.

Commonly associated with hep B and C infections and cirrhosis.

200
Q

What is pancreatic cancer?

A

Malignant tumour of pancreas.

Occurs in head of pan. Close to duodenum where it can clog ducts.

Causes unknown, more common in smokers, people with diabetes, and chronic pancreatitis.

201
Q

What is pancreatitis?

A

Inflammation of the pancreas.

Digestive enzymes attack pancreatic tissue and damage gland.

202
Q

What is viral hepatitis?

A

Inflammation of liver caused by a virus.

Hep A - caused by hep a virus HAV, spread by contaminated food/water, characterized by slow onset of symptoms

Hep B - cause by hep b virus HBV, transmitted by sex contact, blood transfusion, contaminated needles.

Hep C - caused by HCV, transmitted by blood transfusions or needles

Medical terminology (15 decks)

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