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Medical terminology > Chapter 3 - Suffixes > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Suffixes Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Combing form meanings; abdomin/o?

A

Abdomen.

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2
Q

Combing form meanings; acr/o?

A

Extremities, top, extreme point.

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3
Q

Combing form meanings; acu/o?

A

Sharp, severe, sudden.

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4
Q

Combing form meanings; aden/o?

A

Gland.

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5
Q

Combing form meanings; adip/o?

A

Fat.

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6
Q

Combing form meanings; amni/o?

A

Amnion (sac surrounding the embryo in the uterus).

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7
Q

Combing form meanings; angi/o?

A

Vessel.

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8
Q

Combing form meanings; arteri/o?

A

Artery.

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9
Q

Combing form meanings; arthr/o?

A

Joint.

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10
Q

Combing form meanings; axill/o?

A

Armpit.

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11
Q

Combing form meanings; bi/o?

A

Life.

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12
Q

Combing form meanings; blephar/o?

A

Eyelid.

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13
Q

Combing form meanings; bronch/o?

A

Bronchial tubes (2 tubes, one right and one left, branch from trachea to enter the lungs).

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14
Q

Combing form meanings; carcin/o?

A

Cancer.

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15
Q

Combing form meanings; cardi/o?

A

Heart.

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16
Q

Combing form meanings; chem/o?

A

Drug, chemical.

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17
Q

Combing form meanings; chondr/o?

A

Cartilage.

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18
Q

Combing form meanings; chron/o?

A

Time.

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19
Q

Combing form meanings; col/o?

A

Colon (large intestine).

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20
Q

Combing form meanings; cyst/o?

A

Urinary bladder.

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21
Q

Combing form meanings; encephal/o?

A

Brain.

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22
Q

Combing form meanings; erythr/o?

A

Red.

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23
Q

Combing form meanings; hem/o?

A

Blood.

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24
Q

Combing form meanings; hepat/o?

A

Liver.

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25
Q

Combing form meanings; hydr/o?

A

Water, fluid.

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26
Q

Combing form meanings; inguin/o?

A

Groin.

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27
Q

Combing form meanings; isch/o?

A

To hold back.

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28
Q

Combing form meanings; lapar/o?

A

Abdomen, abdominal wall.

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29
Q

Combing form meanings; laryng/o?

A

Larynx.

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30
Q

Combing form meanings; leuk/o?

A

White.

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31
Q

Combing form meanings; lymph/o?

A

Lymph.

A clear fluid that bathed tissue spaces, is contained in special lymph vessels and nodes throughout body.

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32
Q

Combing form meanings; mamm/o?

A

Breast.

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33
Q

Combing form meanings; mast/o?

A

Breast.

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34
Q

Combing form meanings; morph/o?

A

Shape, form.

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35
Q

Combing form meanings; muc/o?

A

Mucus.

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36
Q

Combing form meanings; my/o?

A

Muscle.

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37
Q

Combing form meanings; myel/o?

A

Spinal cord, bone marrow.

Context of usage indicates the meaning intended.

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38
Q

Combing form meanings; necr/o?

A

Death (of cells or whole body).

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39
Q

Combing form meanings; nephr/o?

A

Kidney.

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40
Q

Combing form meanings; neur/o?

A

Nerve.

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41
Q

Combing form meanings; neutr/o?

A

Neutrophil (a white blood cell).

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42
Q

Combing form meanings; nucle/o?

A

Nucleus.

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43
Q

Combing form meanings; ophthalm/o?

A

Eye.

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44
Q

Combing form meanings; oste/o?

A

Bone.

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45
Q

Combing form meanings; ot/o?

A

Ear.

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46
Q

Combing form meanings; path/o?

A

Disease.

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47
Q

Combing form meanings; peritone/o?

A

Peritoneum.

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48
Q

Combing form meanings; phag/o?

A

To eat, swallow.

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49
Q

Combing form meanings; phleb/o?

A

Vein.

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50
Q

Combing form meanings; plas/o?

A

Formation, development.

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51
Q

Combing form meanings; pleur/o?

A

Pleura (membrane surrounding lungs and adjacent to chest wall).

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52
Q

Combing form meanings; Pneumon/o?

A

Lungs.

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53
Q

Combing form meanings; pulmon/o?

A

Lungs.

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54
Q

Combing form meanings; radi/o?

A

X-rays.

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55
Q

Combing form meanings; rect/o?

A

Rectum.

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56
Q

Combing form meanings; ren/o?

A

Kidney.

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57
Q

Combing form meanings; rhin/o?

A

Nose.

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58
Q

Combing form meanings; sarc/o?

A

Flesh.

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59
Q

Combing form meanings; splen/o?

A

Spleen.

60
Q

Combing form meanings; staphyl/o?

A

Clusters.

61
Q

Combing form meanings; strept/o?

A

Twisted chains.

62
Q

Combing form meanings; thorac/o?

A

Chest.

63
Q

Combing form meanings; thromb/o?

A

Clot.

64
Q

Combing form meanings; tonsill/o?

A

Tonsils.

65
Q

Combing form meanings; trache/o?

A

Trachea (windpipe).

66
Q

Combing form meanings; ven/o?

A

Vein.

67
Q

Suffix meaning; -algia

A

Pain.

68
Q

Suffix meaning; -cele

A

Hernia.

Ie) rectocele, cystocele

69
Q

Suffix meaning; -centesis

A

Surgical puncture to remove fluid.

Ie) amniocentesis

70
Q

Suffix meaning; -coccus

A

Berry-shaped bacterium (singular)

71
Q

Suffix meaning; -cocci

A

(Plural) berry shaped bacteria.

72
Q

Suffix meaning; -cyte

A

Cell.

73
Q

Suffix meaning; -dynia

A

Pain.

Ie) pleurodynia - pain in chest wall muscles that is aggravated by breathing

74
Q

Suffix meaning; -ectomy

A

Excision, removal, resection.

Ie) mastectomy, laryngectomy

75
Q

Suffix meaning; -emia

A

Blood condition.

76
Q

Suffix meaning; -genesis

A

Condition of producing, forming.

Ie) pathogenesis - condition of forming disease

77
Q

Suffix meaning; -gram

A

Record.

Ie) mammogram

78
Q

Suffix meaning; -graph

A

Instrument for recording.

Ie) electroencephalograph

79
Q

Suffix meaning; -graphy

A

Process of recording.

Ie) electroencephalography

80
Q

Suffix meaning; -itis

A

Inflammation.

81
Q

Suffix meaning; -logy

A

Study of.

Ie) morphology - study of shape, form

82
Q

Suffix meaning; -lysis

A

Breakdown, destruction, separation.

Ie) hemolysis - breakdown of red blood cells with release of hemoglobin

83
Q

Suffix meaning; -malacia

A

Softening.

Ie) osteomalacia - softening of bone

84
Q

Suffix meaning; -megaly

A

Enlargement.

Ie) acromegaly
Ie) splenomegaly - enlargement of spleen

85
Q

Suffix meaning; -oma

A

Tumour, mass, collection of fluid.

Ie) myoma - tumour of muscle (benign)

Myosarcoma - malignant muscle tumour

86
Q

Suffix meaning; -opsy

A

To view.

Ie) necropsy

87
Q

Suffix meaning; -osis

A

Condition, usually abnormal.

Ie) necrosis
Ie) hydronephrosis

88
Q

Suffix meaning; -pathy

A

Disease condition.

Ie) cardiomyopathy - disease of heart muscle

89
Q

Suffix meaning; -penia

A

Deficiency.

Ie) erythropenia - deficiency of RBCs
Ie) neutropenia - deficiency of neutrophil (WBCs)

90
Q

Suffix meaning; -phobia

A

Fear.

Ie) agoraphobia - agora (marketplace). Anxiety disorder, fear of being outside home alone, open or enclosed places, public transport.
Ie) acrophobia - fear of heights

91
Q

Suffix meaning; -plasia

A

Development, formation, growth.

Ie) achondroplasia - bones and arms don’t grow to normal size bc defect in cartilage and bone formation. Dwarfism.

92
Q

Suffix meaning; -plasty

A

Surgical repair.

Ie) Angioplasty - surgical repair of vessels
Ie) blepharoplasty - surgical repair of eyelid.

93
Q

Suffix meaning; -ptosis

A

Drooping, falling, prolapse.

Ie) blepharoptosis - drooping of the eye.

Ptosis alone to indicate drooping of upper eyelids or breasts.

94
Q

Suffix meaning; -rrhea

A

Flow, discharge.

Ie) rhinorrhea - discharge of the nose

95
Q

Suffix meaning; -sclerosis

A

Hardening.

Ie) arteriosclerosis - heartening of an artery.

Atherosclerosis - deposits of fat collect in artery (a form of arteriosclerosis)

96
Q

Suffix meaning; -scope

A

Instrument for visual examination.

Ie) laparoscope - instrument to visually examine abdomen.

97
Q

Suffix meaning; -scopy

A

Process of visual examination (with an endoscope).

Ie) laparoscopy - process of visually examining abdomen.

98
Q

Suffix meaning; -stasis

A

Controlling, stopping.

Ie) metastasis: meta - beyond. Beyond controlling. A metastasis is the spread of a malignant tumour beyond its original site to a secondary organ or location.

99
Q

Suffix meaning; -stomy

A

Opening to from a mouth (stoma).

Ie)colostomy - opening the colon
Ie) tracheostomy - opening to form a mouth of the trachea.

100
Q

Suffix meaning; -therapy

A

Treatment.

Ie) chemotherapy - therapy of chemicals

Ie) radiotherapy - high-energy radiation is used to treat illness

101
Q

Suffix meaning; -tomy

A

Incision, cutting into.

Ie) laparotomy - large incision into peritoneal cavity, often performed of exploratory basis

102
Q

Suffix meaning; -trophy

A

Development, nourishment.

Ie) atrophy - without nourishment. Cells decrease in size. Muscles atrophy when immobilized in cast.

Ie) hypertrophy - cells increase in size. Muscles of weightlifters.

103
Q

Suffix meaning; -er

A

One who.

Ie) radiographer - technologist who assists in making of diagnostic x-day pictures.

104
Q

Suffix meaning; -ia

A

Condition.

Ie) pneumonia - condition of lungs.

105
Q

Suffix meaning; -ist

A

Specialist.

Ie) nephrologist - kidney specialist.

106
Q

Suffix meaning; -ole

A

Little, small.

Ie) arteriole - small artery

107
Q

Suffix meaning; -ule

A

Little, small.

Ie) venule - small vein

108
Q

Suffix meaning; -um, -ium

A

Structure, tissue.

Ie) pericardium - membrane surrounding heart.

109
Q

Suffix meaning; -us

A

Structure, substance.

Ie) mucus
Ie) esophagus - structure within that swallows

110
Q

Suffix meaning; -y

A

Condition, process.

Nephropathy - disease condition of the kidney

111
Q

Adjective suffix meaning; -ac, -iac

A

Pertaining to.

Ie) cardiac

112
Q

Adjective suffix meaning; -al

A

Pertaining to.

Ie) Peritoneal

113
Q

Adjective suffix meaning; -ar

A

Pertaining to.

Ie) tomsillar - pertaining to tonsils

114
Q

Adjective suffix meaning; -ary

A

Pertaining to.

Ie) pulmonary - pertaining to lungs

115
Q

Adjective suffix meaning; -eal

A

Pertaining to.

Ie) laryngeal - pertaining to larynx

116
Q

Adjective suffix meaning; -genic

A

Pertaining to producing, produced by, or produced in.

Ie) osteogenic - pertaining to produced in bone

117
Q

Adjective suffix meaning; -ic, -ical

A

Pertaining to.

Ie) Chronic - pertaining to a long time.

Acute is the opposite of chronic. Describes disease that is rapid onset and severe symptoms as well as brief duration.

118
Q

Adjective suffix meaning; -oid

A

Resembling, derived from.

Ie) adenoids - resemble glands.

119
Q

Adjective suffix meaning; -ose

A

Pertaining to, full of.

Ie) adipose - full of fat.

120
Q

Adjective suffix meaning; -ous

A

Pertaining to.

Ie) mucous (adjective) membranes produce sticky secretion (mucus).

121
Q

Adjective suffix meaning; -tic

A

Pertaining to.

Ie) necrotic - pertaining to death.

122
Q

What is a hernia?

A

Protrusion of an organ or the muscular wall of an organ through the cavity that normally contains it.

123
Q

What is a hiatal hernia?

A

Occurs when stomach protrudes upward into the mediastinum through esophageal opening in diaphragm.

124
Q

What is an inguinal hernia?

A

Occurs when part of the intestine protrudes downward into the groin region (commonly scrotal sac in the male).

125
Q

What is a cystocele?

A

Occurs when party of urinary bladder herniates through vaginal wall (due to weakness of pelvic muscles).

126
Q

What is a rectocele?

A

Protrusion of a portion of the rectum toward the vagina.

127
Q

What is an omphalocele?

A

Omphal/o - umbilicus, navel.

Herniation of the intestines through a weakness in the abdominal wall around navel occurring in infants at birth.

128
Q

What is streptococcus?

A

A berry shaped bacterium, grows in twisted chains.

One group of streptococci causes “strep throat,” tonsillitis, rheumatic fever, certain kidney ailments. Another - infections in teeth, within sinuses, and heart valves.

129
Q

What is staphylococci?

A

Another berry-shaped bacteria, but grow in small clusters like grapes.

Lesions may be external (boils, stys, skin abscesses), or internal (in bone and kidney).

Abscess - collection of pus, WBCs, and protein present at site of infection.

MRSA - serious condition difficult to treat. (Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus).

130
Q

What is diplococci? What are two examples of it?

A

Berry-shaped bacteria organized in pairs; dipl/o = 2.

Pneumococci - cause bacterial pneumonia.

Gonococci - (gon/o =seed), invaded reproductive organs causing gonorrhoea

131
Q

What is the difference between the focal bacteria streptococci, staphylococci, and diplococci?

A

Streptococci - grows in twisted chains

Staphylococci - grow in small clusters

Diplococci - organized in pairs.

Both streptococci and staphylococci are gram-positive bacteria (retain purple light colour of stain Gram’s method), diplococci is gram-negative beached is has pink colour of counterstain (safranin).

132
Q

What are erythrocytes?

Where are they made?

What do they do?

A

Red blood cells.

Made in bone marrow (soft tissue in centre of certain bones).

Carry oxygen from lungs through body to body cells. The body cells use O2 to burn food, release energy (catabolism).

Hemoglobin - protein in RBCs carries oxygen through bloodstream.

133
Q

There are five types of leukocytes, that are categorized under two sections, name the sections and the WBCs.

A

Two sections: GRANULOCYTES (aka polymorphonuclears) and MONONUCLEARS.

Granulocytes:

  • eosinophil
  • basophil
  • neutrophil

Mononuclears:

  • lymphocyte
  • monocyte
134
Q

Way to remember five leukocytes:

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas.

A

Neutrophil

Lymphocyte

Monocyte

Eosinophil

Basophil

135
Q

What are granulocytes?

A

Contain dark-staining granules in cytoplasm and have a multiloned nucleus. Formed in bone marrow.

Three types: eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils.

136
Q

What are eosinophils? What colour do they stain?

A

WBS more specifically granulocytes.

Stain red (eosin/o = rosy) with acidic stain.

Increased in number in allergic conditions such as asthma.

3% of leukocytes.

137
Q

What are basophils? What colour do they stain?

A

WBCs -> granulocytes.

Granules stain blue with basic (bas/o = basic) stain.

Function unclear, but number increases in healing phase of inflammation.

Less than 1% WBCs.

138
Q

What are neutrophils? What colour do they stain?

A

Granules stain pale purple with neutral stain.

Most important disease fighting cells and most numerous.

Phagocytes (phag/o =eating, swallowing) engulfing and digesting bacteria.

Referee to as polys - polymorphonuclear leukocytes (multilobed nucleus)
50% - 60% of all WBCs.

139
Q

What are mononuclear cells?

Where are they produced?

What are the two types?

A

Have one large nucleus (mononuclear), and only a few granules in their cytoplasm.

Produced in bone marrow and lymph nodes and spleen.

Two types:

  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes
140
Q

What are lymphocytes? What do they do?

A

WBCs -> mononuclear cells.
(Lymph cells) fight disease by producing antibodies, thereby destroying foreign cells. May attach and destroy.

Two types: T cells and B cells

AIDS - serious depletion of T cells.

32% of WBCs.

141
Q

What are monocytes?

A

WBCs-> mononuclear.
(Contain one -mon/o - large nucleus).

Engulf and destroy cellular debris after neutrophils have attacked foreign cells.

Monocytes leave bloodstream and enter tissues (such as lung/liver) to become macrophages (large phagocytes).

4% of WBCs.

142
Q

What are thrombocytes? What else are they called?

A

Aka platelets.

They are clotting cells, formed in bone marrow.

Little fragments of cells.

143
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

Endocrine disorder.

Pituitary gland produces excessive amounts of growth hormone after puberty.

Bones and soft tissue in hands, feet, face grow abnormally.

Gigantism begins in childhood.

144
Q

What is laparoscopy?

A

Visual examination of abdomen using laparoscope. (Through incision in abdomen near navel, has inserted to separate and prevent injury during surgery).

145
Q

What is a tracheotomy?

What is a tracheostomy?

A

Incision into trachea to open in below blockage.

Opening in trachea through which indwelling tube is inserted. To allow airflow or help remove secretions from bronchial tubes.

146
Q

What are adenoids?

A

Small masses of lymphatic tissue in pharynx (throat) near nose and nasal passages.

“Resembling glands.” Neither endocrine more exocrine glands.

Medical terminology (15 decks)

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