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NASM > Chapter 7 - Human Movement Science > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Human Movement Science Flashcards

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1
Q

Human Movement System

A

The collective components and structures that work together to move the body: muscular, skeletal, and nervous systems.

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2
Q

Kinetic chain

A

A concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement.

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3
Q

Regional interdependence

A

The concept describing the integrated functioning of multiple body systems or regions of the body.

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4
Q

Kinesiology

A

Study of movement as it relates to anatomy and physiology.

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4
Q

Biomechanics

A

The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces.

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5
Q

Anatomic position

A

The position when the body is in a standing posture, with

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6
Q

Medial (anatomic position)

A

Relatively closer the the middle of the body (the adductors)

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7
Q

Lateral (anatomic position)

A

Relatively farther away from the midline or towards the outside of the body (ears)

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8
Q

Contralateral (anatomic position)

A

Positioned on the opposite side of the body (right foot & right hand)

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9
Q

Ipsilateral (anatomic position)

A

Positioned on the same side of the body (right foot and right hand)

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10
Q

Anterior (anatomic position)

A

Positioned on or towards the front of the body (quads)

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11
Q

Posterior (anatomic position)

A

Positioned on or toward the back of the body (hamstrings)

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12
Q

Proximal (anatomic position)

A

Positioned nearest to center of the body or other identified reference point (wrist is more proximal to elbow than fingers are)

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13
Q

Distal (anatomic position)

A

Positioned farthest from center of body or other identified reference point (the ankle is more distal to the hip than the knee)

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14
Q

Inferior (anatomic position)

A

Positioned below an identified reference point (calf muscle is inferior to hamstring)

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15
Q

Superior (anatomic position)

A

Positioned above an identified reference point (the pelvis is superior to the shin bone)

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16
Q

Osteokinematics

A

Movement of a limb that is visible

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17
Q

Arthrokinemetics

A

Description of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide, and spin

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18
Q

Sagittal plane

A

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves

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19
Q

Flexion

A

A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases

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20
Q

Extension

A

A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases

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21
Q

Hypertension

A

Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion

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22
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Flexion occurring at the ankle

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23
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Extension occurring at the ankle

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24
Q

Frontal Plane

A

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves

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25
Q

Abduction

A

Movement in the frontal plane from the midline of the body

26
Q

Adduction

A

Movement in the frontal plane back toward midline of the body

27
Q

Lateral flexion

A

Bending of the spine from side the side

28
Q

Eversion

A

A movement in which the inferior calcaneus (heel bone) moves laterally. The bottom of the foot faces outward

29
Q

Inversion

A

A movement in which the inferior calcaneus (heel bone) moves medially. The bottom of the foot faces inward

30
Q

Transverse plane

A

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves

31
Q

Internal rotarion

A

Rotation of body segment toward the middle of the body

32
Q

External rotation

A

Rotation of body segment away from the middle of the body

33
Q

Horizontal abduction

A

Movement of arm/thigh from anterior to lateral position

34
Q

Horizontal adduction

A

Movement of arm/thigh from lateral to anterior position

35
Q

Radioulnar pronation

A

Inward rotation of the forearm from palm-up to palm-down position

36
Q

Radioulnar supination

A

Outward rotation of the forearm from palm-down to palm-up position

37
Q

Pronation of the foot

A

Multiplanar movement of foot and ankle consisting of eversion, dorsiflexion, and ankle abduction; associated with forced reduction

38
Q

Supination of the foot

A

Multiplanar movement of foot and ankle consisting of inversion, plantar flexion, and ankle adduction; associated with forced production

39
Q

Gait

A

Biomechanical motion of the lower extremities during walking, running, and sprinting

40
Q

Scapular retraction

A

Adduction; shoulder blades move toward the midline

41
Q

Scapular protraction

A

Abduction; shoulder blades move away from midline

42
Q

Scapular depression

A

Downward motion of scapulae

43
Q

Scapular elevation

A

Upward motion of scapulae

44
Q

Elasticity

A

The ability of soft tissues to return to resting length after being stretched

45
Q

Flexibility

A

The normal extensibility of soft tissues that allow for full ROM of a joint

46
Q

Hypermobility

A

A state where a lack of neuromuscular support leads to a joint having more range of motion than it should

47
Q

Hypomobility

A

When range of motion at a joint is limited

48
Q

Agonists (anatomy of muscles)

A

the primary muscle providing force for a movement

49
Q

Synergists (anatomy of muscles)

A

muscles that assist agonists to produce a movement

50
Q

Stabilizer (anatomy of muscles)

A

muscles that contract isometrically to stabilize the trunk and joints as the body moves

51
Q

Feed-forward activation

A

when a muscle is automatically activated in anticipation of a movement

51
Q

Antagonists (anatomy of muscles)

A

muscles on the opposite side of a joint that are in direct opposition of agonist muscles

52
Q

Length-tension relationship

A

the resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length

52
Q

Altered length-tension relationship

A

when a muscle’s resting length is too short of too long, reducing the amount of force it can produce

53
Q

Reciprocal inhibition

A

when an agonist receives a signal to contract, its functional antagonist also receives an inhibitory signal allowing it to lengthen

54
Q

Altered reciprocal inhibition

A

occurs when an overactive agonist muscle decreases the neural drive to its functional antagonist

55
Q

Stretch-shortening cycle

A

loading of a muscle eccentrically to prepare it for a rapid concentric contraction

56
Q

Local muscles

A

stabilizes the trunk of the body (core)

57
Q

Global muscles

A

larger muscles that initiate movements and tend to function across one or more joints

58
Q

Deep longitudinal system (DLS)

A

(global muscles) lower leg, hamstrings, and low back region; creates a contracting tension to absorb and control ground reaction forces during gait

59
Q

Posterior oblique subsystem (POS)

A

Lats, thoracolumbar fascia, and gluteus maximus; produces a pulling force and stabilization force

60
Q

Anterior oblique subsystem (AOS)

A

Obliques, adductors, and hip external rotators; creates stability from the trunk, through the pelvis, and to the hips and contributes to rotational movement

61
Q

Lateral subsystem (LS)

A

Lateral hips (gluteus medius), medial thigh muscles (adductors) and contralateral quadratus lumborum; creates and maintains frontal plane stabilization

NASM (8 decks)

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