Chapter 7 - Drugs Used in Cardiovascular System Disorders Flashcards
The resistance (pressure) in arteries that must be overcome to empty blood from the ventricle
Afterload
A variation of the normal rhythm
Arrythmia
The ability of cardiac muscle to generate impulses
Automaticity
Bradycardia associated with an irregular heart rhythm
Bradyarrhythmia
A slower than normal heart rate
Bradycardia
Change in the size, shape, structure, and physiology of the heart due to damage to the myocardium
Cardiac remodeling
Affecting the heart rate
Chronotropic
Neutralizing the polarity of a cardiac cell by an inflow of sodium ions
Depolarization
Affecting the force of cardiac muscle contraction
Inotropic
The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole
Preload
Contraction of the ventricles without a corresponding contraction of the atria
Premature ventricular contraction
The return of the cell membrane to its resting polarity after depolarization
Repolarization
The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle with each beat
Stroke volume
Tachycardia associated with an irregularity in normal heart rhythm
Tachyarrhythmia
A faster than normal heart rate
Tachycardia
<p>Why is the heart considered to be two pumps functionally?</p>
<p>The right atrium and right ventricle serve functionally as one pump for ejecting blood to the lungs, and the left atrium and left ventricle pump blood to the systemic circulation.</p>
Cardiac cells are connected by intercalcated disks and a fusion of cell membranes to form
Syncytium (interconnected mass)
Depolarization of cardiac cells is characterized by a rapid influx of ____ ions, a slower influx of ____ ions and the outflow of ____ ions
Sodium, Calcium, Potassium
A relatively long ____ is important to cardiac cells to prevent a constant state of contraction from recycling impulses
Refractory period
Define chronotropic and inotropic effects in relation to the heart
Chronotropic refers to the rate of contraction, whereas inotropic refers to the force or strength of contraction.
Define preload and afterload in relation to the pumping mechanism of the heart
Preload is the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole (the amount of blood that must be pumped out). Afterload is the resistance in the arteries that the ventricle must overcome to pump blood.
<p>List the 4 basic compensatory mechanisms of the cardiovascular system</p>
<p>1) Increasing the heart rate
2) increasing the stroke volume
3) increasing the efficiency of the heart muscle
4) heart enlargement</p>
<p>List the 5 objectives of treatment for heart failure</p>
<p>1) Control rhythm disturbances
2) maintain or increase cardiac output
3) relieve fluid accumulations
4) increase the oxygenation of blood
5) provide oxygen/sedatives</p>
List 4 beneficial and 1 potential toxic effect of the use of cardiac glycosides
Beneficial effects include improved cardiac contractility, decreased heart rate, antiarrhythmic effect, and decreased signs of dyspnea. A toxic effect is vomiting.
List 5 factors that may predispose the heart to arrhythmias
1) Conditions that cause hypoxia 2) electrolyte imbalances 3) increased levels or sensitivity to catecholamines 4) certain drugs such as digitalis, barbiturates, and others 5) cardiac trauma or disease
List 5 ancillary methods of treatment for cardiovascular disease
1) Bronchodilation 2) oxygen therapy 3) sedation 4) aspiration 5) centesis
List 3 effects of the administration of catecholamines
1) Increased force of contraction 2) an increase in blood pressure 3) elevated blood glucose levels
