Chapter 7 - Drugs Used in Cardiovascular System Disorders

Question 1

The resistance (pressure) in arteries that must be overcome to empty blood from the ventricle

Answer 1

Afterload

Question 2

A variation of the normal rhythm

Answer 2

Arrythmia

Question 3

The ability of cardiac muscle to generate impulses

Answer 3

Automaticity

Question 4

Bradycardia associated with an irregular heart rhythm

Answer 4

Bradyarrhythmia

Question 5

A slower than normal heart rate

Answer 5

Bradycardia

Question 6

Change in the size, shape, structure, and physiology of the heart due to damage to the myocardium

Answer 6

Cardiac remodeling

Question 7

Affecting the heart rate

Answer 7

Chronotropic

Question 8

Neutralizing the polarity of a cardiac cell by an inflow of sodium ions

Answer 8

Depolarization

Question 9

Affecting the force of cardiac muscle contraction

Answer 9

Inotropic

Question 10

The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole

Answer 10

Preload

Question 11

Contraction of the ventricles without a corresponding contraction of the atria

Answer 11

Premature ventricular contraction

Question 12

The return of the cell membrane to its resting polarity after depolarization

Answer 12

Repolarization

Question 13

The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle with each beat

Answer 13

Stroke volume

Question 14

Tachycardia associated with an irregularity in normal heart rhythm

Answer 14

Tachyarrhythmia

Question 15

A faster than normal heart rate

Answer 15

Tachycardia

Question 16

<p>Why is the heart considered to be two pumps functionally?</p>

Answer 16

<p>The right atrium and right ventricle serve functionally as one pump for ejecting blood to the lungs, and the left atrium and left ventricle pump blood to the systemic circulation.</p>

Question 17

Cardiac cells are connected by intercalcated disks and a fusion of cell membranes to form

Answer 17

Syncytium (interconnected mass)

Question 18

Depolarization of cardiac cells is characterized by a rapid influx of ____ ions, a slower influx of ____ ions and the outflow of ____ ions

Answer 18

Sodium, Calcium, Potassium

Question 19

A relatively long ____ is important to cardiac cells to prevent a constant state of contraction from recycling impulses

Answer 19

Refractory period

Question 20

Define chronotropic and inotropic effects in relation to the heart

Answer 20

Chronotropic refers to the rate of contraction, whereas inotropic refers to the force or strength of contraction.

Question 21

Define preload and afterload in relation to the pumping mechanism of the heart

Answer 21

Preload is the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole (the amount of blood that must be pumped out). Afterload is the resistance in the arteries that the ventricle must overcome to pump blood.

Question 22

<p>List the 4 basic compensatory mechanisms of the cardiovascular system</p>

Answer 22

<p>1) Increasing the heart rate

2) increasing the stroke volume
3) increasing the efficiency of the heart muscle
4) heart enlargement</p>

Question 23

<p>List the 5 objectives of treatment for heart failure</p>

Answer 23

<p>1) Control rhythm disturbances

2) maintain or increase cardiac output
3) relieve fluid accumulations
4) increase the oxygenation of blood
5) provide oxygen/sedatives</p>

Question 24

List 4 beneficial and 1 potential toxic effect of the use of cardiac glycosides

Answer 24

Beneficial effects include improved cardiac contractility, decreased heart rate, antiarrhythmic effect, and decreased signs of dyspnea. A toxic effect is vomiting.

Question 25

Catecholamines such as epinephrine are used in veterinary cardiology primarily for

Answer 25

Stimulation of cardiac contraction in cardiac arrest

Question 26

<p>List 5 factors that may predispose the heart to arrhythmias</p>

Answer 26

<p>1) Conditions that cause hypoxia

2) electrolyte imbalances
3) increased levels or sensitivity to catecholamines
4) certain drugs such as digitalis, barbiturates, and others
5) cardiac trauma or disease</p>

Question 27

<p>List 5 ancillary methods of treatment for cardiovascular disease</p>

Answer 27

<p>1) Bronchodilation

2) oxygen therapy
3) sedation
4) aspiration
5) centesis</p>

Question 28

The amount of blood that the heart is capable of pumping per minute is called

Answer 28

Cardiac output

Question 29

____ results when the pumping ability of the heart is impaired to the extent that sodium and water are retained in an effort to compensate for inadequate cardiac output

Answer 29

Congestive heart failure

Question 30

<p>List 3 effects of the administration of catecholamines</p>

Answer 30

<p>1) Increased force of contraction

2) an increase in blood pressure
3) elevated blood glucose levels</p>

Question 31

Concurrent use of NSAIDs may ____ the effectiveness of captopril

Answer 31

decrease