Chapter 1 : General Pharmacology

Question 1

A drug that has affinity for a receptor and stimulates the receptor to action

Answer 1

Agonist

Question 2

Reason not to use a drug in a particular situation

Answer 2

Contraindication

Question 3

The degree to which a drug produces its desired effects in a patient

Answer 3

Efficacy

Question 4

A drug that must be used under supervision of a veterinarian

Answer 4

Prescription Drug

Question 5

A group of specialized molecules in or on a cell that bind with a drug to produce an effect

Answer 5

Receptor

Question 6

Expresses the relationship between a drug’s therapeutic and harmful effects

Answer 6

Therapeutic Index

Question 7

Amount of time that must elapse between the end of drug therapy and the elimination of that drug from the patient’s tissues

Answer 7

Withdrawal time

Question 8

The relationship that must exist between the veterinarian, his or her patient, and the patient’s owner before prescription drugs may be dispensed

Answer 8

Veterinarian-Client-Patient Relationship

Question 9

List four sources of drugs used in veterinary medicine

Answer 9

1) Plant material 2) Animal products 3) Minerals 4) Synthetic products

Question 10

What are four components of a drug regimen?

Answer 10

1) Dose 2) Route 3) Frequency 4) Duration

Question 11

Discuss the 3 conditions that must be met before a valid veterinarian-client-patient relationship can be shown to exist

Answer 11

1) Veterinarian must assume responsibility for clinical decisions 2) Veterinarian must have seen the animal recently and be acquainted with its care 3) Veterinarian must be available for follow up

Question 12

Discuss the 3 responsibilities of a veterinary technician in the administration of drug orders

Answer 12

1) Read instructions 3 times to ensure proper drug, dose, route 2) Be aware of expected effects and potential adverse effects for monitoring 3) Be aware of withdrawal and residue times (large animal)

Question 13

Describe the events that a drug undergoes from administration to excretion

Answer 13

A drug is first absorbed (or directly placed)
into the bloodstream. In the blood, the drug
may bind with a plasma protein or may exist in
the free state. The circulating blood distributes
the drug to the capillary level, where the drug
leaves the circulation and enters the interstitial
fluid. The interstitial fluid bathes the cell and
allows the drug to enter the cell or bind with
surface receptors. The drug then exits the cell
(or its surface), moves back into the interstitial
fluid, reenters the circulation, and is
transported to the liver for metabolism. After it
is metabolized, the metabolite is transported to
the kidneys for excretion.

Question 14

Simple route of drug administration; may not be appropriate if animal is vomiting

Answer 14

Oral (PO)

Question 15

Route of drug administration that may be slow and should not be used for hypertonic solutions

Answer 15

Subcutaneous (SQ)

Question 16

Route of drug administration in which care must be used not to inject into blood vessels

Answer 16

Intramuscular (IM)

Question 17

Route of drug administration which allows immediate access to bloodstream, and dilution of irritating drugs; side effect may include toxic or allergic reaction

Answer 17

Intravenous (IV)

Question 18

Route of drug administration used for drugs or fluids when other routes are not available; absorption is slow

Answer 18

Intraperitoneal (IP)

Question 19

Route of drug administration seldom used due to risk of seizure or death

Answer 19

Intraarterial (IA)

Question 20

Route of drug administration used primarily for emergency drugs or euthanasia

Answer 20

Intracardiac

Question 21

Route of drug administration used to administer fluids or blood to small animals or those with damaged veins

Answer 21

Intramedullary

Question 22

Route of drug administration that is used to administer drugs to the respiratory system and may require special equipment

Answer 22

Inhalational

Question 23

Route of drug administration used to place drugs on skin or mucous membranes

Answer 23

Topical

Question 24

Route of drug administration used primarily for allergy or TB testing

Answer 24

Intradermal

Question 25

List the 8 factors that affect drug absorption

Answer 25

1) Method of absorption 2) pH of drug and ionization status 3) Absorptive surface area 4) Blood supply to area 5) Solubility of drug 6) Dosage form 7) Status of GI tract 8) Interactions with other drugs

Question 26

Most biotransformation of drugs occurs in which of the following A ) Kidneys B ) Liver C ) Spleen D) Pancreas

Answer 26

B ) Liver

Question 27

Most drug excretion occurs via which of the following A ) Kidneys B ) Liver C ) Spleen D ) Pancreas

Answer 27

A ) Kidneys

Question 28

Drugs usually produce their effects by combining with specific cellular

Answer 28

Receptors

Question 29

The drug name that is chosen by the manufacturer and is the exclusive property of that company is called

Answer 29

Proprietary/Trade

Question 30

What are the 6 items that must be included on a drug label?

Answer 30

1 ) Drug names (generic and trade) 2) Drug concentration and quantity 3) Name and address of manufacturer 4) Controlled substance status 5) Manufacturer’s control or lot number 6) Drug’s expiration date

Question 31

What are the 3 government agencies that regulate the development, approval, and use of animal health products?

Answer 31

USDA, EPA, FDA

Question 32

Why do most veterinary clinics dispense rather than prescribe most of the drugs that they use?

Answer 32

Profit

Question 33

All FDA-approved veterinary drugs are listed in the publication entitled

Answer 33

The Green Book

Question 34

What is the purpose of FARAD?

Answer 34

FARAD provides resources concerning the avoidance of drug residues in animals

Question 35

Extralabel veterinary drug use was made legal (under prescribed circumstances) by what act of congress?

Answer 35

AMDUCA (Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act)

Question 36

Define Compounding

Answer 36

Diluting or combining existing drugs

Question 37

What are the potential dangers of residues in animal products?

Answer 37

May cause allergic reactions or neoplasia in people and may cause development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria

Question 38

List 3 classes of drug interactions

Answer 38

1 ) Pharmacodynamic 2) Pharmacokinetic 3) Pharmaceutic

Question 39

Drug interactions can be anticipated when two drugs are given that are both metabolized by the

Answer 39

Liver

Question 40

Define “ethical product”

Answer 40

A product sold only through veterinarians as a policy of the manufacturer rather than by FDA requirement

Question 41

Once a drug has been biotransformed it is called a

Answer 41

Metabolite

Question 42

An (a) _____ is a reason to use a drug

Answer 42

Indication

Question 43

The diagnostic method of choosing a drug is based on all of the following except A ) practical experience B ) assessment of patient C ) obtaining a history D ) performing a laboratory test

Answer 43

A ) Practical experience

Question 44

Extralabel use means

Answer 44

Using a drug in a way not specified by the label

Question 45

All of the following are true about a veterinarian-client-patient relationship except A ) The veterinarian has seen and treated all the client’s pets except a dog for which the owner would like to buy heartworm preventative B ) The veterinarian has assumed responsibility for making clinical judgements about the health of the animal(s) and the need for treatment, and the client has agreed to follow the veterinarian’s instructions C) The veterinarian has sufficient knowledge of the animal to issue a diagnosis. The veterinarian has recently seen the animal and is acquainted with its husbandry D ) The veterinarian must be available for follow-up evaluation of the patient

Answer 45

A ) The veterinarian has seen and treated all the client’s pets except a dog for which the owner would like to buy heartworm preventative

Question 46

The complex series of events that occurs after a drug is administered to a patient

Answer 46

Pharmacokinetics

Question 47

Parenteral drugs are administered

Answer 47

By injection

Question 48

The body’s ability to change a drug chemically from the form in which it was administered to a form that can be eliminated from the body

Answer 48

Metabolism (biotransformation)

Question 49

The degree to which a drug produces the desired response in a patient

Answer 49

Efficacy

Question 50

T/F An adverse drug reaction is always life threatening

Answer 50

F

Question 51

List the 6 practices recommended by the AVMA for the safe disposal of unwanted drugs

Answer 51

1 ) Incinerate when possible 2) Send unwanted drugs to landfill when incineration is not possible 3) Never flush unwanted drugs down the toilet or drain 4) Maintain close inventory control 5) Follow state and federal guidelines 6) Educate clients on proper disposal techniques

Question 52

Harm to a patient caused by a therapeutic or preventative intervention. Could be due to a medication error or an adverse drug reaction.

Answer 52

Adverse Drug Event

Question 53

An undesirable response to a drug by a patient. Varies in severity from mild to fatal.

Answer 53

Adverse Drug Reaction

Question 54

A drug that brings about a specific effect by binding with an appropriate receptor

Answer 54

Agonist

Question 55

A drug that inhibits a specific reaction by binding with a particular receptor

Answer 55

Antagonist

Question 56

Any manipulation (eg diluting, combining) performed to produce a dosage-form drug, other than the manipulation described in the directions for use on the labeling of an approved drug product.

Answer 56

Compounding

Question 57

A substance used to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease

Answer 57

Drug

Question 58

The extent to which a drug causes the intended effects in a patient

Answer 58

Efficacy

Question 59

The use of a drug that is not specifically listed on the FDA-Approved label

Answer 59

Extralabel Use

Question 60

The amount of time (usually expressed in hours) that it takes for the quantity of a drug in the body to be reduced by 50%

Answer 60

Half-Life

Question 61

The bulk production of drugs for resale outside of the veterinarian-client-patient relationship

Answer 61

Manufacturing

Question 62

The biochemical process that alters a drug from an active form to a form that is inactive or that can be eliminated from the body

Answer 62

Metabolism (Biotransformation)

Question 63

The route of administration of injectable drugs

Answer 63

Parenteral

Question 64

The ratio of solubility of substances (eg gas anesthetics) between two states in which they may be found (eg blood and gas, gas and rubber goods)

Answer 64

Partition Coefficient

Question 65

A drug that is limited to use under the supervision of a veterinarian because of potential danger, difficulty of administration, or other considerations.

Answer 65

Prescription (legend) drug

Question 66

A program for the administration of a drug that includes route, dose, frequency, and duration of administration

Answer 66

Regimen

Question 67

An amount of drug still present in animal tissue or products (eg meat, milk, eggs) at a particular point (eg slaughter or collection)

Answer 67

Residue

Question 68

The set of circumstances that must exist between the veterinarian, the client, and the patient before the dispensing of prescription drugs is appropriate

Answer 68

Veterinarian-Client-Patient Relationship

Question 69

The length of time it takes for a drug to be eliminated from the animal tissue or products after it is no longer used

Answer 69

Withdrawal Time