Chapter 1 : General Pharmacology Flashcards
A drug that has affinity for a receptor and stimulates the receptor to action
Agonist
Reason not to use a drug in a particular situation
Contraindication
The degree to which a drug produces its desired effects in a patient
Efficacy
A drug that must be used under supervision of a veterinarian
Prescription Drug
A group of specialized molecules in or on a cell that bind with a drug to produce an effect
Receptor
Expresses the relationship between a drug’s therapeutic and harmful effects
Therapeutic Index
Amount of time that must elapse between the end of drug therapy and the elimination of that drug from the patient’s tissues
Withdrawal time
The relationship that must exist between the veterinarian, his or her patient, and the patient’s owner before prescription drugs may be dispensed
Veterinarian-Client-Patient Relationship
List four sources of drugs used in veterinary medicine
1) Plant material 2) Animal products 3) Minerals 4) Synthetic products
What are four components of a drug regimen?
1) Dose 2) Route 3) Frequency 4) Duration
Discuss the 3 conditions that must be met before a valid veterinarian-client-patient relationship can be shown to exist
1) Veterinarian must assume responsibility for clinical decisions 2) Veterinarian must have seen the animal recently and be acquainted with its care 3) Veterinarian must be available for follow up
Discuss the 3 responsibilities of a veterinary technician in the administration of drug orders
1) Read instructions 3 times to ensure proper drug, dose, route 2) Be aware of expected effects and potential adverse effects for monitoring 3) Be aware of withdrawal and residue times (large animal)
Describe the events that a drug undergoes from administration to excretion
A drug is first absorbed (or directly placed)
into the bloodstream. In the blood, the drug
may bind with a plasma protein or may exist in
the free state. The circulating blood distributes
the drug to the capillary level, where the drug
leaves the circulation and enters the interstitial
fluid. The interstitial fluid bathes the cell and
allows the drug to enter the cell or bind with
surface receptors. The drug then exits the cell
(or its surface), moves back into the interstitial
fluid, reenters the circulation, and is
transported to the liver for metabolism. After it
is metabolized, the metabolite is transported to
the kidneys for excretion.
Simple route of drug administration; may not be appropriate if animal is vomiting
Oral (PO)
Route of drug administration that may be slow and should not be used for hypertonic solutions
Subcutaneous (SQ)
Route of drug administration in which care must be used not to inject into blood vessels
Intramuscular (IM)
Route of drug administration which allows immediate access to bloodstream, and dilution of irritating drugs; side effect may include toxic or allergic reaction
Intravenous (IV)
Route of drug administration used for drugs or fluids when other routes are not available; absorption is slow
Intraperitoneal (IP)
Route of drug administration seldom used due to risk of seizure or death
Intraarterial (IA)
Route of drug administration used primarily for emergency drugs or euthanasia
Intracardiac
Route of drug administration used to administer fluids or blood to small animals or those with damaged veins
Intramedullary
Route of drug administration that is used to administer drugs to the respiratory system and may require special equipment
Inhalational
Route of drug administration used to place drugs on skin or mucous membranes
Topical
Route of drug administration used primarily for allergy or TB testing
Intradermal
List the 8 factors that affect drug absorption
1) Method of absorption 2) pH of drug and ionization status 3) Absorptive surface area 4) Blood supply to area 5) Solubility of drug 6) Dosage form 7) Status of GI tract 8) Interactions with other drugs
Most biotransformation of drugs occurs in which of the following A ) Kidneys B ) Liver C ) Spleen D) Pancreas
B ) Liver
Most drug excretion occurs via which of the following A ) Kidneys B ) Liver C ) Spleen D ) Pancreas
A ) Kidneys
Drugs usually produce their effects by combining with specific cellular
Receptors
The drug name that is chosen by the manufacturer and is the exclusive property of that company is called
Proprietary/Trade
What are the 6 items that must be included on a drug label?
1 ) Drug names (generic and trade) 2) Drug concentration and quantity 3) Name and address of manufacturer 4) Controlled substance status 5) Manufacturer’s control or lot number 6) Drug’s expiration date
What are the 3 government agencies that regulate the development, approval, and use of animal health products?
USDA, EPA, FDA
Why do most veterinary clinics dispense rather than prescribe most of the drugs that they use?
Profit
All FDA-approved veterinary drugs are listed in the publication entitled
The Green Book
What is the purpose of FARAD?
FARAD provides resources concerning the avoidance of drug residues in animals
Extralabel veterinary drug use was made legal (under prescribed circumstances) by what act of congress?
AMDUCA (Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act)
Define Compounding
Diluting or combining existing drugs
What are the potential dangers of residues in animal products?
May cause allergic reactions or neoplasia in people and may cause development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria
List 3 classes of drug interactions
1 ) Pharmacodynamic 2) Pharmacokinetic 3) Pharmaceutic
Drug interactions can be anticipated when two drugs are given that are both metabolized by the
Liver
Define “ethical product”
A product sold only through veterinarians as a policy of the manufacturer rather than by FDA requirement
Once a drug has been biotransformed it is called a
Metabolite
An (a) _____ is a reason to use a drug
Indication
The diagnostic method of choosing a drug is based on all of the following except A ) practical experience B ) assessment of patient C ) obtaining a history D ) performing a laboratory test
A ) Practical experience
Extralabel use means
Using a drug in a way not specified by the label
All of the following are true about a veterinarian-client-patient relationship except A ) The veterinarian has seen and treated all the client’s pets except a dog for which the owner would like to buy heartworm preventative B ) The veterinarian has assumed responsibility for making clinical judgements about the health of the animal(s) and the need for treatment, and the client has agreed to follow the veterinarian’s instructions C) The veterinarian has sufficient knowledge of the animal to issue a diagnosis. The veterinarian has recently seen the animal and is acquainted with its husbandry D ) The veterinarian must be available for follow-up evaluation of the patient
A ) The veterinarian has seen and treated all the client’s pets except a dog for which the owner would like to buy heartworm preventative
The complex series of events that occurs after a drug is administered to a patient
Pharmacokinetics
Parenteral drugs are administered
By injection
The body’s ability to change a drug chemically from the form in which it was administered to a form that can be eliminated from the body
Metabolism (biotransformation)
The degree to which a drug produces the desired response in a patient
Efficacy
T/F An adverse drug reaction is always life threatening
F
List the 6 practices recommended by the AVMA for the safe disposal of unwanted drugs
1 ) Incinerate when possible 2) Send unwanted drugs to landfill when incineration is not possible 3) Never flush unwanted drugs down the toilet or drain 4) Maintain close inventory control 5) Follow state and federal guidelines 6) Educate clients on proper disposal techniques
Harm to a patient caused by a therapeutic or preventative intervention. Could be due to a medication error or an adverse drug reaction.
Adverse Drug Event
An undesirable response to a drug by a patient. Varies in severity from mild to fatal.
Adverse Drug Reaction
A drug that brings about a specific effect by binding with an appropriate receptor
Agonist
A drug that inhibits a specific reaction by binding with a particular receptor
Antagonist
Any manipulation (eg diluting, combining) performed to produce a dosage-form drug, other than the manipulation described in the directions for use on the labeling of an approved drug product.
Compounding
A substance used to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease
Drug
The extent to which a drug causes the intended effects in a patient
Efficacy
The use of a drug that is not specifically listed on the FDA-Approved label
Extralabel Use
The amount of time (usually expressed in hours) that it takes for the quantity of a drug in the body to be reduced by 50%
Half-Life
The bulk production of drugs for resale outside of the veterinarian-client-patient relationship
Manufacturing
The biochemical process that alters a drug from an active form to a form that is inactive or that can be eliminated from the body
Metabolism (Biotransformation)
The route of administration of injectable drugs
Parenteral
The ratio of solubility of substances (eg gas anesthetics) between two states in which they may be found (eg blood and gas, gas and rubber goods)
Partition Coefficient
A drug that is limited to use under the supervision of a veterinarian because of potential danger, difficulty of administration, or other considerations.
Prescription (legend) drug
A program for the administration of a drug that includes route, dose, frequency, and duration of administration
Regimen
An amount of drug still present in animal tissue or products (eg meat, milk, eggs) at a particular point (eg slaughter or collection)
Residue
The set of circumstances that must exist between the veterinarian, the client, and the patient before the dispensing of prescription drugs is appropriate
Veterinarian-Client-Patient Relationship
The length of time it takes for a drug to be eliminated from the animal tissue or products after it is no longer used
Withdrawal Time
