Chapter 15 : Therapeutic Nutritional, Fluid, and Electrolyte Replacements

Question 1

A substance that decreases the change in pH when an acid or base is added

Answer 1

Buffer

Question 2

A chemical system composed of a continuous medium throughout which small particles are distributed and do not settle out under the influence of gravity

Answer 2

Colloid

Question 3

The act of separating into ionic components (NaCl->Na + Cl)

Answer 3

Dissociation

Question 4

A substance that dissociates into ions when placed in solution, becoming capable of conducting electricity

Answer 4

Electrolyte

Question 5

Based on observation and personal experience

Answer 5

Empirical

Question 6

An excess of potassium in the blood

Answer 6

Hyperkalemia

Question 7

An excess of sodium in the blood

Answer 7

Hypernatremia

Question 8

Abnormally low concentration of potassium in the blood

Answer 8

Hypokalemia

Question 9

A deficiency of sodium in the blood

Answer 9

Hyponatremia

Question 10

Decreased volume of circulating blood

Answer 10

Hypovolemia

Question 11

Decreased body pH caused by excess hydrogen ions in the extracellular fluid

Answer 11

Metabolic acidosis

Question 12

Increased body pH caused by excess bicarbonate in the extracellular fluid

Answer 12

Metabolic alkalosis

Question 13

The oncotic pressure generated by plasma proteins in the blood

Answer 13

Oncotic pressure

Question 14

The ability of solute molecules to attract water

Answer 14

Osmotic pressure

Question 15

A substance dissolved in a solvent to form a solution

Answer 15

Solute

Question 16

A solution used for parenteral administration that contains amino acids, lipids, dextrose, vitamins and minerals

Answer 16

Total nutrient admixture

Question 17

Cerebrospinal fluid, aqueous humor of the eye, synovial fluid, gastrointestinal fluid, lymph, bile, and glandular and respiratory secretions

Answer 17

Transcellular fluid

Question 18

Degree of fullness or congestion; describes the degree of elasticity of the skin

Answer 18

Turgor

Question 19

Intravascular fluid makes up approximately ____ % of body weight

Answer 19

5%

Question 20

Explain the concept of a balanced solution for fluid therapy

Answer 20

A fluid solution is balanced if it resembles extracellular fluid in composition.

Question 21

What are 3 units of measurement used for quantifying electrolytes in fluid?

Answer 21

mEq/L, mOsm/L, and g/100 mL

Question 22

Therapeutic fluids with an osmolality of approximately ____ mOsm/L are isotonic

Answer 22

300

Question 23

<p>Give examples of sensible and insensible fluid losses</p>

Answer 23

<p>Sensible losses are primarily represented by urine losses.
Insensible losses include fecal, sweat, and respiratory losses.</p>

Question 24

One pound of fluid is equivalent to ____ mL

Answer 24

500

Question 25

One kilogram of fluid is equivalent to ____ mL

Answer 25

1000

Question 26

The three volumes that are calculated to arrive at the total fluid therapy volume are

Answer 26

1) Hydration deficit 2) Maintenance requirement 3) Ongoing losses

Question 27

What is the purpose of lactate in lactated ringers solution?

Answer 27

Lactate is added to help correct acidosis in a patient. Lactate is converted to bicarbonate (alkaline) by the liver.

Question 28

What type of fluid should not be given SQ?

Answer 28

Hypertonic

Question 29

Give an example of a balanced solution

Answer 29

LRS

Question 30

Give an example of an unbalanced solution

Answer 30

Saline

Question 31

____ is a determination of the osmotic pressure of a solution based on the relative number of solute particles in 1 kg of the solution

Answer 31

Osmolality

Question 32

Any product that contains the electrolyte ____ should be given by slow IV administration to prevent cardiac complications

Answer 32

Calcium

Question 33

Water represents ____ to ____ % of the total body weight of adult animals

Answer 33

50% to 70%

Question 34

Electrolytes with a positive charge are known as

Answer 34

Cations

Question 35

Scours is a medical term used to describe diarrhea in what species?

Answer 35

Bovines

Question 36

Vitamin A is an organic alcohol that is converted from plant substances called carotenoids in the intestine and liver and is stored primarily in the ____

Answer 36

Liver