Chapter 15 : Therapeutic Nutritional, Fluid, and Electrolyte Replacements Flashcards
A substance that decreases the change in pH when an acid or base is added
Buffer
A chemical system composed of a continuous medium throughout which small particles are distributed and do not settle out under the influence of gravity
Colloid
The act of separating into ionic components (NaCl->Na + Cl)
Dissociation
A substance that dissociates into ions when placed in solution, becoming capable of conducting electricity
Electrolyte
Based on observation and personal experience
Empirical
An excess of potassium in the blood
Hyperkalemia
An excess of sodium in the blood
Hypernatremia
Abnormally low concentration of potassium in the blood
Hypokalemia
A deficiency of sodium in the blood
Hyponatremia
Decreased volume of circulating blood
Hypovolemia
Decreased body pH caused by excess hydrogen ions in the extracellular fluid
Metabolic acidosis
Increased body pH caused by excess bicarbonate in the extracellular fluid
Metabolic alkalosis
The oncotic pressure generated by plasma proteins in the blood
Oncotic pressure
The ability of solute molecules to attract water
Osmotic pressure
A substance dissolved in a solvent to form a solution
Solute
A solution used for parenteral administration that contains amino acids, lipids, dextrose, vitamins and minerals
Total nutrient admixture
Cerebrospinal fluid, aqueous humor of the eye, synovial fluid, gastrointestinal fluid, lymph, bile, and glandular and respiratory secretions
Transcellular fluid
Degree of fullness or congestion; describes the degree of elasticity of the skin
Turgor
Intravascular fluid makes up approximately ____ % of body weight
5%
Explain the concept of a balanced solution for fluid therapy
A fluid solution is balanced if it resembles extracellular fluid in composition.
What are 3 units of measurement used for quantifying electrolytes in fluid?
mEq/L, mOsm/L, and g/100 mL
Therapeutic fluids with an osmolality of approximately ____ mOsm/L are isotonic
300
<p>Give examples of sensible and insensible fluid losses</p>
<p>Sensible losses are primarily represented by urine losses.
Insensible losses include fecal, sweat, and respiratory losses.</p>
One pound of fluid is equivalent to ____ mL
500
One kilogram of fluid is equivalent to ____ mL
1000
<p>The three volumes that are calculated to arrive at the total fluid therapy volume are</p>
<p>1) Hydration deficit
2) Maintenance requirement
3) Ongoing losses</p>
What is the purpose of lactate in lactated ringers solution?
Lactate is added to help correct acidosis in a patient. Lactate is converted to bicarbonate (alkaline) by the liver.
What type of fluid should not be given SQ?
Hypertonic
Give an example of a balanced solution
LRS
Give an example of an unbalanced solution
Saline
____ is a determination of the osmotic pressure of a solution based on the relative number of solute particles in 1 kg of the solution
Osmolality
Any product that contains the electrolyte ____ should be given by slow IV administration to prevent cardiac complications
Calcium
Water represents ____ to ____ % of the total body weight of adult animals
50% to 70%
Electrolytes with a positive charge are known as
Cations
Scours is a medical term used to describe diarrhea in what species?
Bovines
Vitamin A is an organic alcohol that is converted from plant substances called carotenoids in the intestine and liver and is stored primarily in the ____
Liver
