Chapter 14 : Drugs Used to Relieve Pain and Inflammation

Question 1

The modification of nociceptive transmission

Answer 1

Modulation

Question 2

The use of different drugs with different actions to produce optimal analgesia and minimize individual drug quantities when possible

Answer 2

Multimodal analgesia

Question 3

A loss of feeling or sensation produced by injecting an anesthetic agent around a nerve to interfere with its ability to conduct impulses

Answer 3

Nerve block

Question 4

Pain that originates from injury or involvement of the peripheral or central nervous system

Answer 4

Neuropathic pain

Question 5

Pain with an exaggerated response; often associated with tissue injury due to trauma or surgery

Answer 5

Pathologic pain

Question 6

The processing and recognition of pain in the cerebral hemispheres

Answer 6

Perception

Question 7

The protective sensation of pain that allows individuals to move away from potential tissue damage

Answer 7

Physiologic pain

Question 8

Analgesia administered before the painful stimulus to help prevent sensitization and windup

Answer 8

Preemptive analgesia

Question 9

Loss of feeling or sensation in a large area of the body after injection of an anesthetic agent into the spinal canal or around peripheral nerves

Answer 9

Regional anesthesia

Question 10

Pain arising from bones, joints, muscle, or skin

Answer 10

Somatic pain

Question 11

The process that involves translation of noxious stimuli into electrical activity at sensory nerve endings

Answer 11

Transduction

Question 12

Conduction of pain impulses from peripheral pain receptors to the spinal cord

Answer 12

Transmission

Question 13

Pain arising from stretching, distention or inflammation of viscera

Answer 13

Visceral Pain

Question 14

Pain sensation arises in free nerve endings called ____

Answer 14

Nociceptors

Question 15

List some signs associated with pain in animals

Answer 15

Increased heart rate, increased respiratory rate, vocalization, guarding, restlessness, salivation, failure to groom, unresponsiveness, abnormal gait, abnormal stance

Question 16

NSAIDS that preferentially inhibit ____ are thought to produce fewer GI side effects

Answer 16

COX-2

Question 17

What are the most common side effects of NSAIDs?

Answer 17

GI ulceration or bleeding

Question 18

Why are cats so succeptible to aspirin overdose?

Answer 18

Cats metabolize aspirin very slowly

Question 19

T/F Phenylbutazone should be administered parentarally by the SQ route only

Answer 19

FALSE

Question 20

What Class II opioid is administered via transdermal patch?

Answer 20

Fentanyl

Question 21

T/F Corticosteroid therapy involves treatment of the signs of disease and often cures the disease as well

Answer 21

FALSE

Question 22

What function do mineralcorticoids serve in the body?

Answer 22

Regulate electrolyte and water balance

Question 23

<p>List some principles that should be followed concerning corticosteroid therapy (5)</p>

Answer 23

<p>1) Alternate-day dosing may help prevent iatrogenic hypoadrenocorticism

2) Administration should be tapered off gradually
3) Very large doses should be used in certain emergency situations
4) Corticosteroids should be avoided when corneal ulcers are treated
5) Use aseptic technique when injecting into joints</p>

Question 24

<p>Describe side effects of short-term and long-term corticosteroid use</p>

Answer 24

<p>Short term: PUPD, polyphagia, delayed healing.

| Long term: thinning skin, gastric ulcers, osteoporosis, iatrogenic Cushing's disease</p>

Question 25

What is the mechanism of action of local anesthetic agents?

Answer 25

Prevent generation and conduction of nerve impulses by peripheral nerves

Question 26

<p>What are some indications for use of local anesthetics? (3)</p>

Answer 26

<p>1) Infiltrating into local areas for suturing wounds

2) nerve blocks
3) antiarrhythmic effects</p>

Question 27

____ is a pyrazolone derivative

Answer 27

Phenybutazone

Question 28

Flunixin meglumine is an ____

Answer 28

NSAID

Question 29

DMSO causes ____ when applied topically

Answer 29

Vasodilation

Question 30

<p>List the 4 steps involved in the production of pain sensation</p>

Answer 30

<p>1) Transduction

2) Transmission
3) Modulation
4) Perception</p>

Question 31

Define windup as it applies to pain production

Answer 31

Central sensitization/hyperalgesia due to repeated stimulation of neurons of the spinothalamic tract

Question 32

List a class of drugs that would alter pain recognition and perception

Answer 32

Opioids