Chapter 14 : Drugs Used to Relieve Pain and Inflammation Flashcards
The modification of nociceptive transmission
Modulation
The use of different drugs with different actions to produce optimal analgesia and minimize individual drug quantities when possible
Multimodal analgesia
A loss of feeling or sensation produced by injecting an anesthetic agent around a nerve to interfere with its ability to conduct impulses
Nerve block
Pain that originates from injury or involvement of the peripheral or central nervous system
Neuropathic pain
Pain with an exaggerated response; often associated with tissue injury due to trauma or surgery
Pathologic pain
The processing and recognition of pain in the cerebral hemispheres
Perception
The protective sensation of pain that allows individuals to move away from potential tissue damage
Physiologic pain
Analgesia administered before the painful stimulus to help prevent sensitization and windup
Preemptive analgesia
Loss of feeling or sensation in a large area of the body after injection of an anesthetic agent into the spinal canal or around peripheral nerves
Regional anesthesia
Pain arising from bones, joints, muscle, or skin
Somatic pain
The process that involves translation of noxious stimuli into electrical activity at sensory nerve endings
Transduction
Conduction of pain impulses from peripheral pain receptors to the spinal cord
Transmission
Pain arising from stretching, distention or inflammation of viscera
Visceral Pain
Pain sensation arises in free nerve endings called ____
Nociceptors
List some signs associated with pain in animals
Increased heart rate, increased respiratory rate, vocalization, guarding, restlessness, salivation, failure to groom, unresponsiveness, abnormal gait, abnormal stance
NSAIDS that preferentially inhibit ____ are thought to produce fewer GI side effects
COX-2
What are the most common side effects of NSAIDs?
GI ulceration or bleeding
Why are cats so succeptible to aspirin overdose?
Cats metabolize aspirin very slowly
T/F Phenylbutazone should be administered parentarally by the SQ route only
FALSE
What Class II opioid is administered via transdermal patch?
Fentanyl
T/F Corticosteroid therapy involves treatment of the signs of disease and often cures the disease as well
FALSE
What function do mineralcorticoids serve in the body?
Regulate electrolyte and water balance
<p>List some principles that should be followed concerning corticosteroid therapy (5)</p>
<p>1) Alternate-day dosing may help prevent iatrogenic hypoadrenocorticism
2) Administration should be tapered off gradually
3) Very large doses should be used in certain emergency situations
4) Corticosteroids should be avoided when corneal ulcers are treated
5) Use aseptic technique when injecting into joints</p>
<p>Describe side effects of short-term and long-term corticosteroid use</p>
<p>Short term: PUPD, polyphagia, delayed healing.
| Long term: thinning skin, gastric ulcers, osteoporosis, iatrogenic Cushing's disease</p>
What is the mechanism of action of local anesthetic agents?
Prevent generation and conduction of nerve impulses by peripheral nerves
<p>What are some indications for use of local anesthetics? (3)</p>
<p>1) Infiltrating into local areas for suturing wounds
2) nerve blocks
3) antiarrhythmic effects</p>
____ is a pyrazolone derivative
Phenybutazone
Flunixin meglumine is an ____
NSAID
DMSO causes ____ when applied topically
Vasodilation
<p>List the 4 steps involved in the production of pain sensation</p>
<p>1) Transduction
2) Transmission
3) Modulation
4) Perception</p>
Define windup as it applies to pain production
Central sensitization/hyperalgesia due to repeated stimulation of neurons of the spinothalamic tract
List a class of drugs that would alter pain recognition and perception
Opioids
