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Penn Foster Veterinary Pharmacology > Chapter 4 : Drugs Used in Nervous System Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 4 : Drugs Used in Nervous System Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

A neurotransmitter that allows a nerve impulse to cross the synaptic junction (gap) between two nerve fibers or between a nerve fiber and an organ (eg muscle, gland)

A

Acetylcholine

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2
Q

An enzyme that brings about the breakdown of acetylcholine in the synaptic gap

A

Acetylcholinesterase

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3
Q

A term used to describe an action or a receptor that is activated by epinephrine or norepinephrine

A

Adrenergic

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4
Q

The absence of the sensation of pain

A

Analgesia

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5
Q

The loss of all sensation. May be described as local (affecting a small area), regional, or surgical (accompanied by unconsciousness)

A

Anethesia

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6
Q

The portion of the nervous system that controls involuntary actions

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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7
Q

A state of involuntary muscle rigidity that is accompanied by immobility, amnesia, and variable amounts of analgesia. Some reflexes may be preserved.

A

Catalepsy

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8
Q

The class of neurotransmitters that includes dopamine, ephinephrine, and norepinephrine. When given, mimic the effects of stimulating the sympathetic nervous system

A

Catecholamine

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9
Q

Activated by or transmitted through acetylcholine; also called parasympathomimetic. Increase activity in the GI tract

A

Cholinergic

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10
Q

A gland, organ, or tissue that responds to nerve stimulation with a specific action

A

Effector

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11
Q

The site of the synapse between neuron one and neuron two of the autonomic nervous system

A

Ganglionic Synapse

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12
Q

Receptors activated by acetylcholine and muscarine that are found in glands, the heart, and smooth muscle

A

Muscarinic Receptors

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13
Q

Receptors activated by acetylcholine and nicotine found at the neuromuscular junction of the skeletal muscle and at the ganglionic synapses

A

Nicotinic Receptors

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14
Q

The portion of the autonomic nervous system that arises from the craniosacral portion of the spinal cord, is mediated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, and is concerned primarily with conserving and restoring a steady state in the body

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

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15
Q

A drug that mimics the effects of stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Parasympathomimetic

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16
Q

The portion of the autonomic nervous system that arises from the thoracolumbar spinal cord, is mediated by catecholamines, and is concerned with the fight-or-flight response

A

Symptathetic Nervous System

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17
Q

A drug that mimics the effects of stimulating the sympathetic nervous system

A

Sympathomimetic

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18
Q

Define the difference between an agonist and an antagonist

A

An agonist combines with a receptor to bring about an action; an antagonist combines with a receptor to block an action

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19
Q

The area of the brain that serves to relay information from the spinal cord and brainstem to the interpretation center in the cerebrum is the

A

Thalamus

20
Q

Most CNS drugs act by ______ or _______ the effects of neurotransmitters

A

interrupting; interfering with

21
Q

What are the primary neurotransmitters for adrenergic receptors?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

22
Q

List the 4 primary ways in which drugs affect the ANS

A

1) Mimicking neurotransmitters
2) Interfering with neurotransmitter release
3) Blocking the attachment of neurotransmitters to receptors
4) Interfering with the breakdown of neurotransmitters

23
Q

List 5 indications for the use of cholinergic agents

A

1) Control vomiting
2) Treat urinary retention
3) Stimulate gastrointestinal activity
4) Treat glaucoma
5) Aid in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis

24
Q

Atropine, scopolamine, glycopyrrolate, and aminopentamide are examples of what drug class?

A

Cholinergic blocking agents (anticholinergic)

25
Q

What category of drug is used to treat cardiac arrest and anaphylactic shock?

A

Adrenergic (sympathomimetic)

26
Q

Propanolol is an example of what category of drug?

A

Beta Blocker

27
Q

What are some adverse effects of xylazine and what drug may be used to antagonize its effects?

A

Bradycardia and hypotension; yohimbine

28
Q

Why would you be concerned about using a thiobarbituate to induce anesthesia in a very thin dog?

A

Thiobarbiturates are very soluble in fat, which acts like a sponge to take the barbiturate out of the circulation and away from the CNS. Thin animals have reduced fat levels, which means that more of the thiobarbiturate remains in the bloodstream and may cause excessive depression of the CNS.

29
Q

What are some characteristics of a cat anesthetized with ketamine? (5)

A 
Analgesia
Increased muscle tone
Maintenance of pharyngeal/laryngeal reflexes
Muscle tremors
Loss of the blink reflex
30
Q

List some of the signs of narcotic overdose (5)

A 
Respiratory depression
Cardiac depression
Agitation
Excitement
Seizures
31
Q

List 2 narcotic antagonists

A

Naloxone and nalorphine

32
Q

Why should glyceryl guaiacolate not be mixed until just before use?

A

Because of its tendency to precipitate out of solution when stored

33
Q

You are assisting in the delivery of a litter of puppies and you deliver one that is not breathing adequately. What drug would the veterinarian instruct to give, and by what route?

A

Doxapram (Dopram) may be administered on or under the tongue, into the umbilical vein, or by intramuscular injection.

34
Q

All psychotherapy drugs are thought to produce their effects by altering _____ activity in the brain

A

Neurotransmitter

35
Q

Dissociative agents such as ketamine and tiletamine may cause _____ at the injection site

A

Burning

36
Q

A hypnotic (anesthetic) agent known for its very short duration and its white color is

A

Propofol

37
Q

An inhibitory neurotransmitter that is widely distributed in the brain is

A

GABA

38
Q

A benzodiazepine that is used as an antianxiety medication and as an appetite stimulant in cats is

A

Diazepam

39
Q

An example of a tricyclic antidepressant used in veterinary medicine for separation anxiety in dogs is

A

Clomipramine

40
Q

A drug used to treat old dog dementia

A

Anipryl

41
Q

The nervous system carries out activity very rapidly by sending electric-like messages over a network of nerve fibers. The _____ system works more slowly by sending chemical messengers through the bloodstream to target structures

A

Endocrine

42
Q

The ___ nervous system is under voluntary control

A

Somatic

43
Q

The ___ is the fundamental unit of the nervous system

A

Neuron

44
Q

<p>Epinephrine is responsible for all of the following except
A) can cause an increase in metabolic rate
B) can cause an increase in cardiac output
C) communication with stem cells in the bone marrow
D) can constrict blood vessels in the skin</p>

A

<p>C</p>

45
Q

Xylazine is antagonized by

A

yohimbine

Penn Foster Veterinary Pharmacology (18 decks)

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