Chapter 16 : Blood-Modifying, Antineoplastic, and Immunosuppressant Drugs Flashcards
Formation of a linkage between a substance and DNA that causes irreversible inhibition of the DNA molecule
Alkylation
Capable of acting in several or all cell cycle phases
Cell cycle-nonspecific
Capable of acting during a specific cell cycle phase only
Cell cycle-specifc
Capable of destroying cells
Cytotoxic
Widespread formation of clots in the microscopic clood vessels of the circulatory system; occurs as a complication of a wide variety of disorders and consumes clotting factors, with resultant bleeding
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
The smooth layer of epithelial cells that line blood vessels
Endothelial layer
A glycoprotein secreted in the kidney; acts on stem cells in the bone marrow to stimulate RBC production
Erythropoeitin
Fibrin breakdown through the action of the enzyme plasmin
Fibrinolysis
A cell culture that consists of a clone of a hybrid cell formed by fusing cells of different types, such as stimulated mouse plasma cells and myeloma cells
Hybridoma
Generally refers to the transfer of cancer cells from one site to another
Metastasis
A malignant neoplasm of plasma cells (B lymphocytes)
Myeloma
Inhibition of bone marrow activity that results in decreased production of blood cells and platelets
Myelosuppression
A decreased number of platelets
Thrombocytopenia
The condition that occurs when thrombus material becomes dislodged and is transported by the bloodstream to another site
Thromboembolism
A clot in the circulatory system
Thrombus
A substance that causes blister formation
Vesicant
Anemia in baby pigs can be treated by the administration of
Iron compounds
A 10-year old cocker spaniel is brought in to the veterinary clinic with PUPD and mild anemia. What is a potential cause of these symptoms and what may be used to treat the anemia?
Chronic renal failure; eryhthropoeitin
Why are hematinics not indicated for cases of acute blood loss?
Because patient response doesn’t occur quickly enough
What is the anticoagulant of choice for hematologic studies?
EDTA
How can you explain the fact that clots may form in the vascular system with no external trauma to blood vessels?
Because of the existance of intrinsic clotting mechanism
What drug would the veterinarian use to treat rat poison exposure and by what route?
Vitamin K; SQ or IM
An 8 year old male feline is brought to the clinic with early onset rear leg paralysis and tachycardia. What agent may be used to treat this condition?
A fibrinolytic agent such as streptokinase
<p>Briefly describe the phases of the cell cycle (5)</p>
<p>1) G0, resting
2) G1, presynthesis preparation
3) S, DNA synthesis
4) G2, RNA production
5) M, mitosis</p>
<p>List the 6 categories of antineoplastic drugs and give an example of each</p>
<p>1) Alkylating agents: cyclophosphamide
2) anthracyclines: doxorubicin
3) antimetabolites: methotrexate
4) antitubulin agents: vinblastine
5) corticosteroids: prednisone
6) miscellaneous agents: cisplatin</p>
<p>List 4 indications for the use of immunosuppressive agents</p>
<p>1) Treatment of autoimmune hemolytic anemia
2) treatment of lymphocytic–plasmacytic enteritis
3) treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
4) treatment of lupus erythematosus</p>
Why should you be very careful to avoid extravasation of antineoplastic drugs?
Because most antineoplastic drugs are very irritating to tissue and may cause sloughing
<p>List 8 precautions that should be taken when antineoplastic drugs are handled</p>
<p>1) Designate a specific location for handling
2) Wear nonpermeable latex gloves when handling
3) Cover work surfaces with a disposable, plastic-backed sheet.
4) Wear an appropriate laboratory coat and mask
5) Reconstitute all materials carefully to avoid aerosolization
6) Clean reconstituted material of any contamination, and properly mark and date it
7) Dispose of contaminated material in leak-proof, puncture-resistant containers
8) Wash hands thoroughly</p>
____ digests fibrin threads and other clotting products to cause clot lysis and the release of fibrin degradation products into circulation
Plasmin
Which anticoagulant may be used to treat DIC?
Heparin
Why should heparin not be used as an anticoagulant when blood is collected for a differential?
It may distort WBCs
How does EDTA work as an anticoagulant?
It chelates calcium
What are some potential adverse effects associated with use of antineoplastic drugs?
Anaphylactic reactions, immunosuppression, vomiting, diarrhea, hair loss, cystitis, pain associated with administration, and tissue damage from extravasation
On what dosage are most antineoplastic agents based?
Body surface area
Corticosteroids have a lympholytic action which makes them useful for treating ____
lymphoid neoplasia
A substance with antitumor, antivitral, and immunoregulatory effects is ____
Interferon
Cardiomyopathy is a potential side effect of what antineoplastic agent?
Doxorubicin
Alkylating Antineoplastic
Attaches an alkyl- group to DNA, inhibits DNA replication by preventing DNA from uncoiling and separating
Cyclophosphamide
An Alkylating Neoplastic Agent
Anthracycline Antineoplastic
Intercalates with DNA and interferes with DNA metabolism and RNA production
Doxorubicin
An Anthracycline Antineoplastic Agent
Antimetabolite Antineoplastic
Interferes with DNA production and therefore cell division and tumor growth; impairs DNA replication machinery, either by incorporation of chemically altered nucleotides or by depleting the supply of deoxynucleotides needed for DNA replication and cell proliferation
Methotrexate
An Antimetabolite Antineoplastic Agent
Antitubulin Antineoplastic
Binds tubulin, thereby inhibiting the assembly of microtubules; Arrests cells in M phase
Vinblastine
An Antitubulin Antineoplastic Agent
