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Biology 192 Lab > Chapter 7-Angiosperms (Vegetative Structures) > Flashcards

Chapter 7-Angiosperms (Vegetative Structures) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the shoot system made up of?

A

one or more leaves and stems

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2
Q

What does the terminal bud contain?

A

shoot apical meristem

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3
Q

What does the shoot apical meristem cause?

A

shoot system to lengthen, called primary growth

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4
Q

What is continual growth in plants called?

A

indeterminate growth

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5
Q

What is an axil of the leaf?

A

space between stem and upper side of leaf petiole

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6
Q

What does this space always contain?

A

axillary bud

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7
Q

If something looks like a leaf but has not axillary bud, what is it called?

A

leaflet

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8
Q

What do axillary buds grow into?

A

branches

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9
Q

What is a node?

A

location of attachment of leaf and its axillary bud to stem

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10
Q

What is an internode?

A

stem segment between nodes

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11
Q

What are the 2 types of root systems?

A

tap root system and fibrous root system

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12
Q

What is a tap root system?

A

one main root and small lateral (side) roots

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13
Q

What is a fibrous root system?

A

has many roots of similar size as found in grasses

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14
Q

What are branches of a root called?

A

lateral roots

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15
Q

What are root hairs?

A

increase surface area and thus aid in absorption, extensions of root epidermal cells

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16
Q

What is the region of cell division?

A

new cells are being produced by the root apical meristem

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17
Q

What is the root apical meristem?

A

group of undifferentiated, somewhat spherical cells located internally, produces lines of cells

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18
Q

Can a damaged root elongate?

A

no

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19
Q

What is the root cap?

A

protects the root apical meristem, perceives gravity, and secretes a gel that helps lubricate the root as it growth though cell

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20
Q

What is the region of elongation?

A

cell elongate,

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21
Q

What is the region of maturation?

A

cells differentiate and take on their mature functions

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22
Q

What zone do root hairs develop?

A

region of maturation, producing an immense surface area

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23
Q

What do eudicot roots look like?

A

xylem in center, arranged in a few spokes, with phloem between spokes, outer ring of this solid vascular core called the pericycle

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24
Q

What is the pericycle?

A

cells that are meristemic and produce lateral roots

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25
Q

Is lateral root formation endogenous or exogenous?

A

endogenous (coming from within)

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26
Q

Is root hair formation endogenous or exogenous?

A

exogenous (coming from surface)

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27
Q

What is the ring of cells immediately outside the pericycle?

A

endodermis

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28
Q

What are the cells of the endodermis?

A

semi-permeable layer controlling the substances that enter the vascular tissue of the plant

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29
Q

What kind of cells is the cortex made up of?

A

parenchyma cells, relatively unspecialized cells making up much the plant body, store starch

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30
Q

What is the outermost layer of the root?

A

epidermis

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31
Q

What are monocot roots?

A

have hollow cylinder of bundles with xylem and phloem, pith (in center) and cortex (to outside), primarily composed of parenchyma cells, involved in storage

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32
Q

What is a twig?

A

young stem of a woody plant

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33
Q

Where is a leaf attached?

A

to a stem at a node

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34
Q

What do axils at each leaf contain?

A

axillary bud

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35
Q

Are the majority of angiosperms deciduous?

A

yes

36
Q

When leaves fall off in autumn, what happens to the plant?

A

leaf scar forms

37
Q

How can you determine the age of a twig?

A

counting the intervals between the terminal bud scars

38
Q

What are lenticels?

A

loose places in bark though which gas can diffuse

39
Q

Describe opposite leaves.

A

two leaves attached at each node

40
Q

Describe alternate leaves.

A

one leaf attached at each node, in spiral or other arrangement on stem

41
Q

Describe whorled leaves.

A

more than 2 leaves attached at each node

42
Q

Describe basal rosette.

A

several leaves attached at base of stem

43
Q

What is the blade?

A

flat expanded portion

44
Q

What is the petiole?

A

stalk of leaf

45
Q

What are stipules?

A

two smaller flat green structures attached near their base

46
Q

What is considered a simple leaf?

A

one leaf with one blade

47
Q

What is considered a compound leaf?

A

leaf divided into separate blades, parts called leaflets

48
Q

What is a simple lobed leaf?

A

one blade has arms (lobes)

49
Q

What is a pinnately compound leaf?

A

leaflets arranged like a feather

50
Q

What is a palmately compound leaf?

A

all leaflets are attached at same point

51
Q

What is a trifoliate leaf?

A

3 leaflets

52
Q

What is a bipinnately compound leaf?

A

leaflets divided into subleaflets

53
Q

What are parallel veins?

A

main veins are parallel in monocots

54
Q

What are pinnate veins?

A

secondary veins branch from primary (main) vein, in eudicots

55
Q

What are palmate veins?

A

all main veins arise at base of bade, found in some eudicots

56
Q

What are dichotomous veins?

A

veins repetitively branch into 2 parts, unusual arrangement

57
Q

How are eudicot stem?

A

contain cylinder of vascular bundles, containing xylem to inside and phloem to outside, cells toward center from this cylinder are called pith, cells to outside called cortex, pith and cortex both made predominately of parenchyma cells, involved in storage, outermost ring of cells around stem called epidermis; within each vascular bundle, ring of undifferentiated cells exists between xylem and phloem, vascular cambium will divide producing secondary xylem (wood) to inside and secondary phloem (part of bark) to outside, this tissue is part of secondary growth

58
Q

How are monocot stems?

A

scattered vascular bundles in their stems, each with xylem and phloem, vascular bundles usually surrounded by fibers that help in support of stem

59
Q

What is secondary growth?

A

thickening of stems and roots that occurs in some species, most of thickening comes form vascular cambium, a ring of mitotic cells

60
Q

What is the vascular cambium?

A

produces secondary xylem (wood) to inside and secondary phloem to outside

61
Q

What are plants that produce no (or very little) secondary tissue called?

A

herbaceous plants

62
Q

What are plants called that produce secondary tissue called?

A

woody plants

63
Q

What is a woody plant with one trunk called?

A

a tree

64
Q

What is a woody plant with several stems called?

A

a shrub

65
Q

What do the rings in wood mean?

A

annual increment of secondary xylem

66
Q

What is the light part of each ring?

A

made up of large cells produced in spring when much moisture available

67
Q

What is the dark part of each ring?

A

made up of small cells produced in the summer when less moisture is available

68
Q

What is bark?

A

all tissues outside the vascular cambium, complex structure consisting of few to several layers, made partly of phloem produced by vascular cambium and partly of tissues from cork cambium

69
Q

What is cork cambium?

A

cylinder of meristemic cells (like vascular cambium but outside it) producing cells to inside and outside

70
Q

What is periderm?

A

cork cambium and its derivitives inward and outward

71
Q

What are cork cells?

A

cells produced to outside

72
Q

Is the vascular cambium and phloem living cells beneath bark?

A

yes

73
Q

What is the word to know which plants have opposite leaves?

A

MADBUCKS

74
Q

What 4 plants have opposite leaves?

A

maple, ash, dogwood, and buckeye

75
Q

Characteristics of maple?

A

silvery bark with thin ridges, bark can get rough, simara fruit, red and sugar maples, 40 gallons of sap to make 1 gallon syrup

76
Q

Characteristics of dogwood?

A

simple opposite leaves, chunky bark that’s netted, flowers bloom before leaves, drupes

77
Q

Characteristics of sweetgum?

A

alternate leaves, simple leaves with lobes, palmate-venation, dry dehiscent fruits, seeds released

78
Q

Characteristics of magnolia?

A

white flowers smell good, simple alternate leaves, pinnate veins, fuzzy stipules for protection

79
Q

Characteristics of red oak?

A

simple lobed alternate leaves, lobes are pointy, used for hardwood flooring

80
Q

Characteristics of white oak?

A

round lobed leaves, acorns longer than in red oaks

81
Q

Characteristics of ash?

A

pinnately compound leaves, ropey bark and flat ridges, opposite leaves, simmer fruit, dioecious

82
Q

Characteristics of willow?

A

riparian, grow fast, dioecious

83
Q

Characteristics of cottonwood?

A

simple alternate leaves, riparian means by water, buds stick and suck up water, native, grow fast, pennate venation

84
Q

Characteristics of black locust?

A

pinnately compound leaves,

85
Q

Characteristics of honey locust?

A

bipinnately compound leaves,

86
Q

Characteristics of red dogwood bush?

A

ornamental, white dots are lenticel for gas exchange

Biology 192 Lab (14 decks)

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