Chapter 7-Angiosperms (Vegetative Structures) Flashcards
What is the shoot system made up of?
one or more leaves and stems
What does the terminal bud contain?
shoot apical meristem
What does the shoot apical meristem cause?
shoot system to lengthen, called primary growth
What is continual growth in plants called?
indeterminate growth
What is an axil of the leaf?
space between stem and upper side of leaf petiole
What does this space always contain?
axillary bud
If something looks like a leaf but has not axillary bud, what is it called?
leaflet
What do axillary buds grow into?
branches
What is a node?
location of attachment of leaf and its axillary bud to stem
What is an internode?
stem segment between nodes
What are the 2 types of root systems?
tap root system and fibrous root system
What is a tap root system?
one main root and small lateral (side) roots
What is a fibrous root system?
has many roots of similar size as found in grasses
What are branches of a root called?
lateral roots
What are root hairs?
increase surface area and thus aid in absorption, extensions of root epidermal cells
What is the region of cell division?
new cells are being produced by the root apical meristem
What is the root apical meristem?
group of undifferentiated, somewhat spherical cells located internally, produces lines of cells
Can a damaged root elongate?
no
What is the root cap?
protects the root apical meristem, perceives gravity, and secretes a gel that helps lubricate the root as it growth though cell
What is the region of elongation?
cell elongate,
What is the region of maturation?
cells differentiate and take on their mature functions
What zone do root hairs develop?
region of maturation, producing an immense surface area
What do eudicot roots look like?
xylem in center, arranged in a few spokes, with phloem between spokes, outer ring of this solid vascular core called the pericycle
What is the pericycle?
cells that are meristemic and produce lateral roots
Is lateral root formation endogenous or exogenous?
endogenous (coming from within)
Is root hair formation endogenous or exogenous?
exogenous (coming from surface)
What is the ring of cells immediately outside the pericycle?
endodermis
What are the cells of the endodermis?
semi-permeable layer controlling the substances that enter the vascular tissue of the plant
What kind of cells is the cortex made up of?
parenchyma cells, relatively unspecialized cells making up much the plant body, store starch
What is the outermost layer of the root?
epidermis
What are monocot roots?
have hollow cylinder of bundles with xylem and phloem, pith (in center) and cortex (to outside), primarily composed of parenchyma cells, involved in storage
What is a twig?
young stem of a woody plant
Where is a leaf attached?
to a stem at a node
What do axils at each leaf contain?
axillary bud
Are the majority of angiosperms deciduous?
yes
When leaves fall off in autumn, what happens to the plant?
leaf scar forms
How can you determine the age of a twig?
counting the intervals between the terminal bud scars
What are lenticels?
loose places in bark though which gas can diffuse
Describe opposite leaves.
two leaves attached at each node
Describe alternate leaves.
one leaf attached at each node, in spiral or other arrangement on stem
Describe whorled leaves.
more than 2 leaves attached at each node
Describe basal rosette.
several leaves attached at base of stem
What is the blade?
flat expanded portion
What is the petiole?
stalk of leaf
What are stipules?
two smaller flat green structures attached near their base
What is considered a simple leaf?
one leaf with one blade
What is considered a compound leaf?
leaf divided into separate blades, parts called leaflets
What is a simple lobed leaf?
one blade has arms (lobes)
What is a pinnately compound leaf?
leaflets arranged like a feather
What is a palmately compound leaf?
all leaflets are attached at same point
What is a trifoliate leaf?
3 leaflets
What is a bipinnately compound leaf?
leaflets divided into subleaflets
What are parallel veins?
main veins are parallel in monocots
What are pinnate veins?
secondary veins branch from primary (main) vein, in eudicots
What are palmate veins?
all main veins arise at base of bade, found in some eudicots
What are dichotomous veins?
veins repetitively branch into 2 parts, unusual arrangement
How are eudicot stem?
contain cylinder of vascular bundles, containing xylem to inside and phloem to outside, cells toward center from this cylinder are called pith, cells to outside called cortex, pith and cortex both made predominately of parenchyma cells, involved in storage, outermost ring of cells around stem called epidermis; within each vascular bundle, ring of undifferentiated cells exists between xylem and phloem, vascular cambium will divide producing secondary xylem (wood) to inside and secondary phloem (part of bark) to outside, this tissue is part of secondary growth
How are monocot stems?
scattered vascular bundles in their stems, each with xylem and phloem, vascular bundles usually surrounded by fibers that help in support of stem
What is secondary growth?
thickening of stems and roots that occurs in some species, most of thickening comes form vascular cambium, a ring of mitotic cells
What is the vascular cambium?
produces secondary xylem (wood) to inside and secondary phloem to outside
What are plants that produce no (or very little) secondary tissue called?
herbaceous plants
What are plants called that produce secondary tissue called?
woody plants
What is a woody plant with one trunk called?
a tree
What is a woody plant with several stems called?
a shrub
What do the rings in wood mean?
annual increment of secondary xylem
What is the light part of each ring?
made up of large cells produced in spring when much moisture available
What is the dark part of each ring?
made up of small cells produced in the summer when less moisture is available
What is bark?
all tissues outside the vascular cambium, complex structure consisting of few to several layers, made partly of phloem produced by vascular cambium and partly of tissues from cork cambium
What is cork cambium?
cylinder of meristemic cells (like vascular cambium but outside it) producing cells to inside and outside
What is periderm?
cork cambium and its derivitives inward and outward
What are cork cells?
cells produced to outside
Is the vascular cambium and phloem living cells beneath bark?
yes
What is the word to know which plants have opposite leaves?
MADBUCKS
What 4 plants have opposite leaves?
maple, ash, dogwood, and buckeye
Characteristics of maple?
silvery bark with thin ridges, bark can get rough, simara fruit, red and sugar maples, 40 gallons of sap to make 1 gallon syrup
Characteristics of dogwood?
simple opposite leaves, chunky bark that’s netted, flowers bloom before leaves, drupes
Characteristics of sweetgum?
alternate leaves, simple leaves with lobes, palmate-venation, dry dehiscent fruits, seeds released
Characteristics of magnolia?
white flowers smell good, simple alternate leaves, pinnate veins, fuzzy stipules for protection
Characteristics of red oak?
simple lobed alternate leaves, lobes are pointy, used for hardwood flooring
Characteristics of white oak?
round lobed leaves, acorns longer than in red oaks
Characteristics of ash?
pinnately compound leaves, ropey bark and flat ridges, opposite leaves, simmer fruit, dioecious
Characteristics of willow?
riparian, grow fast, dioecious
Characteristics of cottonwood?
simple alternate leaves, riparian means by water, buds stick and suck up water, native, grow fast, pennate venation
Characteristics of black locust?
pinnately compound leaves,
Characteristics of honey locust?
bipinnately compound leaves,
Characteristics of red dogwood bush?
ornamental, white dots are lenticel for gas exchange
