Chapter 3-Kindom Fungi and Chlorophyta and Charales of Kingdom Viridiplantae Flashcards
T/F Alternation of Generations Life Cycle is haplodiplontic.
True
Are fungi eukaryotic?
yes (few are unicellular e.g. yeasts)
T/F Fungi are composed of filamentous strands of cells.
True
What is an individual filamentous strand called?
hypha
What is the pleural name of hypha?
hyphae
What divides cell walls into separate cells in the cytoplasm?
septate
What is it called when the cytoplasm is not divided into separate cells?
aseptate or nonseptate
What is a mass of hyphae called?
mycelium
Are fungi heterotrophic or autotrophic?
heterotrophic
What is absorptive extracellular digestion?
they secrete enzymes, digest organic matter extracellularly, and absorb the digested nutrients
What are the 3 forms of heterotrophic metabolism of fungi?
saprophytic, parasitic, and mutualistic
What do saprophytic organisms do?
obtain nutrients from dead decaying matter and are thus important decomposers
What do parasitic organisms do?
live on or in a host which is a form of symbiosis which is the close living together of two or more dissimilar organisms
What is an example of a parasitic organism?
athlete’s foot, plant pathogens
What is mutualism
living together of 2 organisms both of which benefit
What do mycorrhizae do?
a fungus lives associated with the roots of a plant; fungus receives carbohydrates and the plants get nutrients
What does a lichen do?
association between a fungus and an alga or a fungus and a cyanobacterium
What does the cell wall of a fungus contain?
chitin
What type of reproduction do fungi participate in?
asexual, sexual, or both
What are spores?
specialized cells that are produced and released into the air (if a spore lands where conditions are right it can grow into a new hypha or fungus)
What types of reproduction involve spores?
asexual
What is budding?
one cell divides into two cells, with one cell larger than the other aka baltic cell formation
What is fragmentation?
piece of hyphae breaks off and forms a new individual
What is a hypha?
a long filamentous tube with cytoplasm and many nuclei enclosed by a cell wall
What happens in asexual reproduction?
the mycelium produces spores that disperse into the atmosphere, spreading everywhere; spores are called mitospores because produced by mitosis; mitospore will germinate to produce a hypha that will grow to form a mycelium
What happens in sexual reproduction?
two mycelia meet (+ and - hyphae encounter each other)
What is plasmogamy?
cytoplasms of 2 gametes combine and fuse into one cell with 2 nuclei (called a dikaryote and not yet diploid)
What is karyogamy?
nuclei combine and form a diploid zygote, only diploid state in most fungi
How are haploid spores formed?
meiosis
What are some important things that fungi do?
yeast used to make beer, break making, flavor of Roquefort cheese, antibiotics (penicillin)
How are fungal groups distinguished?
form of reproduction
What are the 5 phyla of Fungi?
Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Glomeromycota, Basidiomycota, ad Asomycota
What is the Phylum Zygomycota commonly called?
bread molds
What are some characteristics of the Phylum Zygomycota?
saprophytic, produce zygospores, hyphae are septette, no cell walls producing distinct cells, asexual reproduction through production of spores in sporangia, zygospores produced in sexual reproduction
What type of spores belong in Zygomycota?
zygospores
What is a sporangia/sporangium?
container holding spores
What are fungi in Phylum Ascomycota commonly called?
sac fungi because of sac-like reproductive structures
What do sac fungi include?
yeasts, cup fungi, morels, and truffles
What are characteristics of Ascomycota?
asexual reproduction involves separation of spores or conidia form end of hyphae called conidiophores; sexual reproduction occurs on the surface of an ascocarp
What is an ascus?
sac containing ascospores
What is the singular name for ascus?
asci
What does a slide of Penicillium look like?
chains of conidia (spores) and are purple in color
What kind of fungi belong to the Phylum Basidiomycota? What are some examples?
club fungi (include mushrooms, puffballs, rusts, smuts, and shelf fungi)
Where is the mycelium located on the fungus?
in soil or other substrate; mushroom or other reproductive structure (basidiocarp) appears outside the substrate
What is a ring of basidiocarps called?
fairy ring
What is the life cycle of Basidiomycota?
sexual reproduction occurs in basidiocarp (visible part of organism), occurs on surface of gills where basidia produce basiospores
How many basidiospores are produced?
4
Name the 3 parts of the basidiocarp.
cap (pileus), stalk, and gills
T/F A basiospore will germinate and produce a hypha.
True
What type of relationship is between an ascomycete and either a cyanobacteria or a green algae?
mutualistic relationship
What are the 3 growth forms of lichens?
crustose, foliose, and fruticose
Where do crustose lichens live?
surface of rocks
Where do foliose lichens live?
leaf-like and look like somewhat flat sheets
Where do fruticose lichens live?
3-D like with upright stalks
Is reproduction asexual or sexual for lichens?
both
What happens in asexual reprod. for lichens?
stress-resistant packets of fungal and algal cells or simply pieces of tissue are released
What happens in sexual reprod. for lichens?
fungus reproduces by producing an ascocarp, alga does not sexually reproduce in the lichen
Why are lichens called pioneer species?
colonize new bare rock habitat, first to inhabit an area after a landslide or glacier
What are characteristics of Chlorophytes (clade of Green Algae)?
live in fresh water, salt water, soil, trunks of trees, and snow; life cycles include haplontic, diplontic, and haplodiplontic; chlorophylls are a, b, and carotenoids; energy storage includes starch; cell wall is cellulose-based
What are characteristics of the genus Chlamydomonas?
unicellular, motile, large cup-shaped chloroplast, eyespot, 2 flagella cause rapid movement, asexual reprod. is by mitosis, life cycle is haplontic, sexual reprod. cells serve as gametes and fuse to form a zygote which undergoes meiosis producing 4 cells
What are characteristics of the genus Chlorella?
non-motile, unicellular green algae, found in fresh and salt water and in soil
What are characteristics of Volvox?
colonial green algae
What are characteristics of Ulothrix?
filamentous green alga, holdfast anchors to substrate inits lake and cold-water stream habitats, band-shaped chloroplasts are distinctive in appearance
What are characteristics of Ulva?
aka sea lettuce, multicellular, lives in temperate zone intertidal habitats, flat thallus (blade) and holdfast, haplodiplontic
What 2 forms in 2 generations of life cycle are there?
sporophyte and gametophyte
What are characteristics of Charophytes (Clade of Green Algae)?
chlorophylls a and b, starch, and cellulose; aquatic representatives (one line within the clade appears to be the closest extant relatives of land plants)
