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Biology 192 Lab > Chapter 3-Kindom Fungi and Chlorophyta and Charales of Kingdom Viridiplantae > Flashcards

Chapter 3-Kindom Fungi and Chlorophyta and Charales of Kingdom Viridiplantae Flashcards

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1
Q

T/F Alternation of Generations Life Cycle is haplodiplontic.

A

True

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2
Q

Are fungi eukaryotic?

A

yes (few are unicellular e.g. yeasts)

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3
Q

T/F Fungi are composed of filamentous strands of cells.

A

True

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4
Q

What is an individual filamentous strand called?

A

hypha

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5
Q

What is the pleural name of hypha?

A

hyphae

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6
Q

What divides cell walls into separate cells in the cytoplasm?

A

septate

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7
Q

What is it called when the cytoplasm is not divided into separate cells?

A

aseptate or nonseptate

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8
Q

What is a mass of hyphae called?

A

mycelium

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9
Q

Are fungi heterotrophic or autotrophic?

A

heterotrophic

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10
Q

What is absorptive extracellular digestion?

A

they secrete enzymes, digest organic matter extracellularly, and absorb the digested nutrients

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11
Q

What are the 3 forms of heterotrophic metabolism of fungi?

A

saprophytic, parasitic, and mutualistic

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12
Q

What do saprophytic organisms do?

A

obtain nutrients from dead decaying matter and are thus important decomposers

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13
Q

What do parasitic organisms do?

A

live on or in a host which is a form of symbiosis which is the close living together of two or more dissimilar organisms

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14
Q

What is an example of a parasitic organism?

A

athlete’s foot, plant pathogens

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15
Q

What is mutualism

A

living together of 2 organisms both of which benefit

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16
Q

What do mycorrhizae do?

A

a fungus lives associated with the roots of a plant; fungus receives carbohydrates and the plants get nutrients

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17
Q

What does a lichen do?

A

association between a fungus and an alga or a fungus and a cyanobacterium

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18
Q

What does the cell wall of a fungus contain?

A

chitin

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19
Q

What type of reproduction do fungi participate in?

A

asexual, sexual, or both

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20
Q

What are spores?

A

specialized cells that are produced and released into the air (if a spore lands where conditions are right it can grow into a new hypha or fungus)

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21
Q

What types of reproduction involve spores?

A

asexual

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22
Q

What is budding?

A

one cell divides into two cells, with one cell larger than the other aka baltic cell formation

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23
Q

What is fragmentation?

A

piece of hyphae breaks off and forms a new individual

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24
Q

What is a hypha?

A

a long filamentous tube with cytoplasm and many nuclei enclosed by a cell wall

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25
Q

What happens in asexual reproduction?

A

the mycelium produces spores that disperse into the atmosphere, spreading everywhere; spores are called mitospores because produced by mitosis; mitospore will germinate to produce a hypha that will grow to form a mycelium

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26
Q

What happens in sexual reproduction?

A

two mycelia meet (+ and - hyphae encounter each other)

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27
Q

What is plasmogamy?

A

cytoplasms of 2 gametes combine and fuse into one cell with 2 nuclei (called a dikaryote and not yet diploid)

28
Q

What is karyogamy?

A

nuclei combine and form a diploid zygote, only diploid state in most fungi

29
Q

How are haploid spores formed?

A

meiosis

30
Q

What are some important things that fungi do?

A

yeast used to make beer, break making, flavor of Roquefort cheese, antibiotics (penicillin)

31
Q

How are fungal groups distinguished?

A

form of reproduction

32
Q

What are the 5 phyla of Fungi?

A

Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Glomeromycota, Basidiomycota, ad Asomycota

33
Q

What is the Phylum Zygomycota commonly called?

A

bread molds

34
Q

What are some characteristics of the Phylum Zygomycota?

A

saprophytic, produce zygospores, hyphae are septette, no cell walls producing distinct cells, asexual reproduction through production of spores in sporangia, zygospores produced in sexual reproduction

35
Q

What type of spores belong in Zygomycota?

A

zygospores

36
Q

What is a sporangia/sporangium?

A

container holding spores

37
Q

What are fungi in Phylum Ascomycota commonly called?

A

sac fungi because of sac-like reproductive structures

38
Q

What do sac fungi include?

A

yeasts, cup fungi, morels, and truffles

39
Q

What are characteristics of Ascomycota?

A

asexual reproduction involves separation of spores or conidia form end of hyphae called conidiophores; sexual reproduction occurs on the surface of an ascocarp

40
Q

What is an ascus?

A

sac containing ascospores

41
Q

What is the singular name for ascus?

A

asci

42
Q

What does a slide of Penicillium look like?

A

chains of conidia (spores) and are purple in color

43
Q

What kind of fungi belong to the Phylum Basidiomycota? What are some examples?

A

club fungi (include mushrooms, puffballs, rusts, smuts, and shelf fungi)

44
Q

Where is the mycelium located on the fungus?

A

in soil or other substrate; mushroom or other reproductive structure (basidiocarp) appears outside the substrate

45
Q

What is a ring of basidiocarps called?

A

fairy ring

46
Q

What is the life cycle of Basidiomycota?

A

sexual reproduction occurs in basidiocarp (visible part of organism), occurs on surface of gills where basidia produce basiospores

47
Q

How many basidiospores are produced?

A

4

48
Q

Name the 3 parts of the basidiocarp.

A

cap (pileus), stalk, and gills

49
Q

T/F A basiospore will germinate and produce a hypha.

A

True

50
Q

What type of relationship is between an ascomycete and either a cyanobacteria or a green algae?

A

mutualistic relationship

51
Q

What are the 3 growth forms of lichens?

A

crustose, foliose, and fruticose

52
Q

Where do crustose lichens live?

A

surface of rocks

53
Q

Where do foliose lichens live?

A

leaf-like and look like somewhat flat sheets

54
Q

Where do fruticose lichens live?

A

3-D like with upright stalks

55
Q

Is reproduction asexual or sexual for lichens?

A

both

56
Q

What happens in asexual reprod. for lichens?

A

stress-resistant packets of fungal and algal cells or simply pieces of tissue are released

57
Q

What happens in sexual reprod. for lichens?

A

fungus reproduces by producing an ascocarp, alga does not sexually reproduce in the lichen

58
Q

Why are lichens called pioneer species?

A

colonize new bare rock habitat, first to inhabit an area after a landslide or glacier

59
Q

What are characteristics of Chlorophytes (clade of Green Algae)?

A

live in fresh water, salt water, soil, trunks of trees, and snow; life cycles include haplontic, diplontic, and haplodiplontic; chlorophylls are a, b, and carotenoids; energy storage includes starch; cell wall is cellulose-based

60
Q

What are characteristics of the genus Chlamydomonas?

A

unicellular, motile, large cup-shaped chloroplast, eyespot, 2 flagella cause rapid movement, asexual reprod. is by mitosis, life cycle is haplontic, sexual reprod. cells serve as gametes and fuse to form a zygote which undergoes meiosis producing 4 cells

61
Q

What are characteristics of the genus Chlorella?

A

non-motile, unicellular green algae, found in fresh and salt water and in soil

62
Q

What are characteristics of Volvox?

A

colonial green algae

63
Q

What are characteristics of Ulothrix?

A

filamentous green alga, holdfast anchors to substrate inits lake and cold-water stream habitats, band-shaped chloroplasts are distinctive in appearance

64
Q

What are characteristics of Ulva?

A

aka sea lettuce, multicellular, lives in temperate zone intertidal habitats, flat thallus (blade) and holdfast, haplodiplontic

65
Q

What 2 forms in 2 generations of life cycle are there?

A

sporophyte and gametophyte

66
Q

What are characteristics of Charophytes (Clade of Green Algae)?

A

chlorophylls a and b, starch, and cellulose; aquatic representatives (one line within the clade appears to be the closest extant relatives of land plants)

Biology 192 Lab (14 decks)

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