Chapter 14-Part 2: Flight

Question 1

What class do birds belong to?

Answer 1

Class Aves

Question 2

What three vertebrates has flight evolved in?

Answer 2

pterosaurs, bats, and birds

Question 3

Birds are thought to have descended directly from…?

Answer 3

theropod dinosaurs

Question 4

Are the bones in vertebrates homologous or analogous?

Answer 4

homologous

Question 5

Are the wings in vertebrates homologous or analogous between bats, pterosaurs, and birds?

Answer 5

analagous

Question 6

What 2 things allow for flight to occur?

Answer 6

lift and thrust

Question 7

What is airfoil?

Answer 7

difference in airflow above and below the object

Question 8

How is lift generated?

Answer 8

airflow moving over the top of the wing must move more quickly than below; airflow above the wing exerts less pressure than below therefore creating lift

Question 9

Lift is further enhanced by what?

Answer 9

downward thrust of air off trailing edge of wing

Question 10

What is laminar flow?

Answer 10

smooth air flow over the wing

Question 11

What can prevent stalling at lower speeds?

Answer 11

wing slot along leading edge of wing

Question 12

There are 2 different types of wing slots in birds. What are they?

Answer 12

alula and slotting between primary feathers

Question 13

What is the alula?

Answer 13

bastard wing, group of small feathers on first digit

Question 14

What are some modern characteristics of birds?

Answer 14

presence of feathers, beak with no teeth, 4-chambered heart, endothermic metabolism, and laying of hard-shelled eggs

Question 15

What are some structural adaptations in birds that help with flight?

Answer 15

lightweight bones with air-filled (pneumatic) cavities, skull bones fused and do not show sutures, nor diapsid condition, beak lacks teeth, vertebrae move freely in cervical region but fused in thoracic and later regions, fused spine, shoulder, and hip girdles form sturdy frame, sternum large and bears a keel for attachment of flight muscles, forearms modified into wings,

Question 16

What are elliptical wings good for?

Answer 16

slow speeds and high maneuverability

Question 17

What are swept wings for?

Answer 17

reduce drag at wingtips and allow for faster flight

Question 18

What are soaring wings for?

Answer 18

lack wing slots, high speed, high lift, and dynamic soaring, lack maneuverability

Question 19

What are high lift wings for?

Answer 19

land soarers, maintain lift while searching for food

Question 20

What is camber?

Answer 20

concave lower surface of an airfoil

Question 21

What is the wishbone called?

Answer 21

furcula

Question 22

What is the pectoralis used for in flight?

Answer 22

down stroke, power stroke

Question 23

What is the supracoideus used for in flight?

Answer 23

up stroke, recovery stroke

Question 24

Is the pectoralis or supracoideus thicker?

Answer 24

pectoralis

Question 25

What does the latissimus dorsi do?

Answer 25

raises humerus and pulls it backward

Question 26

What does the biceps do?

Answer 26

wing folding-pulls ulna and radius toward body

Question 27

What does the triceps do?

Answer 27

unfolds the wing