Chapter 6-Angiosperms (Kingdom Viridiplantae) Flashcards
What does angiosperm mean?
vessel seed
In a flower, what is the surrounding structure?
ovary wall
What surround the seeds?
fruit wall
What is an advantage to having seeds inside something?
protected
What does the phylum name Anthophyta mean?
flower plant
T/F Angiosperms are the most common, widespread, and varied of all plants
True
When angiosperms came about, what also increased?
insects greatly increased in diversity, provided new niches for insects
What general advantages do angiosperms possess that have allowed them to become dominant over gymnosperms?
more efficient vascular systems than gymnosperms, shorter germination times than gymnosperms, more rapid natural selection, pollination systems more efficient, make use of pollinators to move pollen, cross-pollination
T/F Angiosperms have more efficient xylem and phloem than gymnosperms.
True
T/F Angiosperms and gymnosperms do not have pollen and pollen tube development.
False, they do
T/F Angiosperms and gymnosperms produce seeds.
True
T/F Angiosperms have flowers involved in pollination.
True
T/F Angiosperms have fruits, involved in providing slicing for ninjas.
False, for dispersal
What is the outmost whorl of angiosperms?
sepals
What are the sepals for?
protect flower bud
What are the sepals together called?
calyx
What is the next whorl?
petals
What are the petals for?
showy and serve to attract pollinators
What are the petals together called?
corolla
What are the sepals and petals together called?
perianth
What is it called when petals and sepals look alike?
tepals
What is the third whorl?
stamens
What are the stamens?
male parts, together called the androecium
What is the pollen-producing structure?
anther
What is the supporting stalk?
filament
What is the fourth whorl?
carpels
What are the carpels?
female parts, evolved from leaves
What are the carpels together called?
gynoecium
What are the 3 parts of a carpel?
stigma-receptive surface for pollen, style-pollen tube grows carrying sperm, and ovary, contains one to hundreds of ovules
What will a fertilized ovule become?
a seed
What is a complete flower as opposed to an incomplete flower?
A complete flower has all 4 whorls present and an incomplete flower has one or more whorls missing.
When several flowers group together, what is it called?
inflorescence
What are the 2 categories of angiosperms?
monocots and eudicots
What is a cotyledon?
“seed leaf” that in some cases emerges form seed coat upon germination
What is a monocot?
flower parts in multiples of 3’s, embryo has one cotyledon (thin and often used to absorb food (endosperm)), leaves are parallel-veined, do not have true vascular cambium-consists of cells that produce secondary growth and serve to thicken plant
What is a eudicot?
almost all angiosperms, flower parts in multiples of 4’s and 5’s, embryo has 2 cotyledons, leaves are net-veined, some have vascular cambium, cambium produces phloem to the outside and xylem to inside and phloem becomes bark, accumulating xylem is wood
What is connation?
petals fused in single whorl (ex. snapdragon has 5 petals but fused together)
T/F Monocots have a fibrous root system.
True
T/F Eudicots have a taproot system.
True
What does hypogynous mean in flower terms?
sepals, petals, and stamens attached at base of ovary,ovary said to be superior
What does perigynous mean in flower terms?
sepals, petals, and stamens, are borne on remove teacup-like structure and ovary in middle (ex. cherry flower)
What does epigynous mean in flower terms?
sepals, petals, and stamens emerge at (or near) top of ovary, ovary said to be inferior
What kind of symmetry do flowers have when they can be divided along any axis to achieve 2 equal halves?
radially symmetric
What are synonyms of radial symmetry?
actinomorphic and regular
What kinds of symmetry do flower have when they can be divided only one axis to produce 2 equal halves?
bilaterally symmetric
What are synonyms of bilateral symmetry?
zygomorphic and irregular
What is adnation?
unlike flower parts fused, 2 whorls fused
What is a perfect flower?
self-fertilize, have both stamens and carpels
What is an imperfect flower?
has only stamens or carpels
What 2 types of flowers are in an inflorescence?
disk and ray flowers
What are disk flowers?
radially symmetric and bisexual
What are ray flowers?
five fused petals that look like one petal, zygomorphic and often female
Do ray or disk flowers have sepals?
no
What does the microsporangium produce?
microspores
What do microspores develop into?
male gametophytes (pollen grains that contain sperm)
What does the megasporangium produce
megaspores
What do the megaspores develop into?
female gametophyte (embryo sac that contains an egg)
What is a fruit?
mature ovary
What is a seed?
mature ovule
What does a seed consist of?
surrounded by seed coat, contiane embryo and food
What is the function the seed?
reproduction aka dispersal of seed not nutrition
What is the wall of the fruit called?
pericarp
What is a fleshy fruit?
attractive to animals, color and/or smell
What is a simple berry fruit?
tomato
What is a simple hesperidium?
orange and lemon
What is a simple pepo?
cucumber, squash
What a is a simple pome?
apple
What is a simple drupe?
plum
What is the inner layer of the pericarp called?
endocarp
What is the middle layer of the pericarp called?
mesocarp
What is the outer layer of the pericarp called?
exocarp
What is a complex fruit?
developed from one or more ovary
What is an aggregate fruit?
raspberry
What is a multiple fruit?
pineapple
What is a dehiscent fruit?
fruite splits open at maturity
What is a legume?
pea family, peas
What is a follicle?
milkweed
What is a capsule?
catalpa, tulip, iris
What is an indehiscent fruit?
fruit does not split open at maturity
What is a samara?
maple and ash
What is a nut?
acorn
What is a caryopsis?
grain like wheat and rice
What is an achene?
sunflower
