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Biology 192 Lab > Chapter 12-Echinoderms and Primitive Chordates > Flashcards

Chapter 12-Echinoderms and Primitive Chordates Flashcards

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1
Q

What 3 phyla are deuterostomes?

A
  1. Echinodermata 2. Hemichordata 3. Chordata
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2
Q

What is the fundamental difference between deuterostomes and protostomes?

A

patterns of embryonic development

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3
Q

What animals are in Phylum Echinodermata?

A

sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, and crinoids

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4
Q

T/F Most animals in Phylum Echinodermata are marine bottom-dwellers.

A

True

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5
Q

What are characteristics of echinoderms?

A

internal skeleton of calcareous plates called ossicles (contains spines that protrude though a thin layer of epidermis)

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6
Q

What kind of symmetry do juvenile echinoderms exhibit?

A

bilateral symmetry

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7
Q

What kind of symmetry do adult echinoderms exhibit?

A

pentaradial symmetry

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8
Q

How many appendages and organs do adult echinoderms generally have?

A

five

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9
Q

How many appendages and organs do adult echinoderms generally have?

A

five

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10
Q

T/F Radial symmetry is secondarily derived rather than a hold-over from more ancient phyla like cnidaria

A

True

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11
Q

What is the water vascular system?

A

consists of a series of water-filled canals with hollow projections form the body wall, called tube feet

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12
Q

What is the function of tube feet?

A

serve as gills for gas exchange; each major taxon usually has its own additional specialized gill; used for locomotion, feeding, or other tasks

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13
Q

What does the nervous system consist of in pentaradial echinoderms?

A

circumoral nerve ring and radial nerve that extends along each arm; sense organs are poorly developed, lack brains

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14
Q

What animals are in Class Crinoidea?

A

sea lilies and feather stars

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15
Q

T/F Crinoids are the ancient group of echinoderms.

A

True

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16
Q

How is the mouth facing on crinoids?

A

upward

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17
Q

Where do arms of crinoids radiate from?

A

cenral disc (crown)

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18
Q

What are features of the arms on crinoids?

A

each arms bears bilateral series of jointed appendages called pinnules, rows of tube feet line ambulacral grooves on oral surface of arms and pinnules

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19
Q

What helps feather star cling to the bottom?

A

cirri

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20
Q

What class do sea stars belong to?

A

Class Asteroidea

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21
Q

Where do hollow arms project in sea stars?

A

central disc

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22
Q

Where is the mouth located on sea stars?

A

centrally on underside of disc (oral surface)

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23
Q

Where is the anus located on sea stars?

A

upper, aboral surface

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24
Q

What is the madreporite?

A

button-shaped and serves as a link between the vascular system and surrounding seawater

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25
Q

T/F Each arm has a light-sensitive eyespot.

A

True

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26
Q

What is the ambulacral groove?

A

wide furrow that extends radially from the mouth along each arm

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27
Q

What do sea stars feed on?

A

bivalves such as oysters and clams

28
Q

How do sea stars eat?

A

use arms and tube feet to pry shells apart and expose soft viscera inside; digest food extraorally (outside body) evert their stomach and engulfing their prey’s tissue before digesting it

29
Q

What class do brittle stars belong to?

A

Class Ophiuroidea

30
Q

What is unique about brittle stars?

A

secretive, fast, and brittle

31
Q

What is the path of water through a sea star?

A

madreporite > stone canal > ring canal > radial canal > tube feet

32
Q

What is the function of a water vascular system?

A
  1. transporting food/wastes 2. movement 3. respiration
33
Q

What kinds of animals are in Class Echinoidea?

A

sea urchins and sand dollars

34
Q

What is the shell covering echinoids called?

A

test

35
Q

What do urchins have to help protect against predators?

A

spines

36
Q

What do sea urchins and sand dollars eat?

A

algae and other organic matter

37
Q

What is Aristotle’s Lantern?

A

highly developed producible jaw apparatus

38
Q

What class are sea cucumbers a part of?

A

Class Holothuroidea

39
Q

What is the body like in sea cucumbers?

A

bilateral symmetry; armless, pentaradial organization preserved as five rows of tube feet emerge at the “head” end and stop in front of posterior end; ventral surface has 3 rows of ambulacra and dorsal surface has 2; mouth surrounded by buccal podia (tentacles)

40
Q

How do sea cucumbers breathe?

A

respiratory tree attached to cloaca, small internal chamber precedes anus

41
Q

T/F Water is pumped in and out of cloaca to allow gas exchange across thin walls of tree.

A

True

42
Q

What are the 4 features that all organisms in Phylum Chordata have?

A
  1. notochord-flexible, supporting rod 2. dorsal, hollow nerve cord 3. pharyngeal, gill slits 4. post-anal tail
43
Q

What 3 subphyla do chordates belong to?

A
  1. Urochordata 2. Cephalochordata 3. Vertebrata (those with a spinal column)
44
Q

What organisms belong to Subphylum Urochordata?

A

tunicates, sea squirts

45
Q

What is a tunic?

A

cellulose space surrounds a sieve-like basket

46
Q

Where does water enter and exit in tunicates?

A

enters though incurrent siphon and exits through excurrent siphon

47
Q

How is the water current generated in tunicates?

A

cilia that line the pharynx

48
Q

How do tunicates feed?

A

minute particles of food filtered out and passed by cilia to stomach

49
Q

What organisms belong to Subphylum Cephalochordata?

A

cephalochordates or lancelets

50
Q

What features make up cephalochordates?

A

lack fins and bones, poorly developed head, possess only basic organ systems

51
Q

How do lancelets feed?

A

burrow in sediment and expose mouth and tentacles (cirri) to surface and filter out suspended food particles, water drawn into mouth by cilia, tiny food particles are then filtered by pharynx and passed to intestine, excess water leaves via pharyngeal gill slits and exits the body though an opening called the atriopore

52
Q

What 8 classes belong to Subphylum Vertebrate?

A

Cephalospidomorphi (jawless fishes), Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes), Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes), Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes), Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia

53
Q

What characteristics set vertebrate apart from all other organisms?

A

cranium and vertebral column, cephalization (concentration of nervous tissue and sensory structures in well defined head), endoskeleton (cartilage or bone), and adaptations to circulatory and respiratory systems

54
Q

What are characteristics of lampreys?

A

eel-like design, jawless mouth, pore-like gill slits, lack of paired fins, cartilaginous endoskeleton, diphycercal caudal fin, large eyes, single nostril on top of head, seven gills on each side

55
Q

T/F All lampreys are parasitic.

A

False: only some; non-parasitic forms do not eat as adults and have a brief lifespan

56
Q

What does anadromous mean?

A

live in sea and then ascend freshwater rivers and streams to spawn

57
Q

What are lamprey larvae called?

A

ammocoetes

58
Q

What class do lobe-finned fishes belong to?

A

Class Sarcopterygii

59
Q

What are characteristics of lobe-finned fishes?

A

bony endoskeletons and paired fins have a large, muscular lobe supported by a bony, fully articulated limb

60
Q

What is the moveable bony plate covering the gills called/

A

operculum

61
Q

Do lobe-finned fishes have a swim bladder?

A

yes

62
Q

Sarcopterygii have only how many species present?

A

2 coelacanth and 6 lungfish

63
Q

Which fossil led scientists to believe that amphibians evolved directly from lobe-finned fishes?

A

Tiktaalik

64
Q

What were features of Tiktaalik?

A

gills and scales but neck like amphibian and limbs like amphibians but the tips of limbs are lobed fins not toes

65
Q

What class do ray-finned fishes belong to?

A

Class Actinopterygii

66
Q

Ray-finned fishes are divided into 2 groups. What are they?

A

chondrosteans and neoptergians

67
Q

What are teleosts?

A

modern body fishes, most diverse group of fishes

Biology 192 Lab (14 decks)

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