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Biology 192 Lab > Chapter 5-Gymnosperms (Kingdom Viridiplantae) > Flashcards

Chapter 5-Gymnosperms (Kingdom Viridiplantae) Flashcards

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1
Q

What do gymnosperms have instead of pores?

A

seeds

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2
Q

What did early gymnosperms develop?

A

several adaptations to terrestrial life and were able to become dominant over seedless vascular groups

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3
Q

T/F Gymnosperms reached their highest numbers and diversity between 230-65 mya.

A

True

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4
Q

Which form is dominant in gymnosperms?

A

sporophyte

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5
Q

What are some advantages to having seeds instead of pores?

A

better protected, multicellular, reserve for growth, increases survival during germination

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6
Q

Seeds are naked in gymnosperms. What does this mean?

A

lies on surface of a structure (scale) as opposed to being within a structure as in an angiosperm

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7
Q

T/F Gymnosperms are vascular.

A

True

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8
Q

What surrounds a seed?

A

seed coat

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9
Q

What does a seed contain?

A

seed contains an embryonic sporophyte and food

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10
Q

T/F The seed of a gymnosperm is naked or exposed.

A

True

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11
Q

What does it mean when a seed is naked in a gymnosperm?

A

lies on surface of a structure (scale) as opposed to being within a structure

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12
Q

What is the seed used for?

A

dispersal

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13
Q

What are some advantages of seeds over spores?

A

seeds are multicellular, increases survival during germination

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14
Q

T/F A seed can germinate more deeply in the soil obtaining water from deeper soil layers.

A

True

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15
Q

What is pollen?

A

male gametophyte aka microgamete carries sperm to female plant

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16
Q

What does the pollen tube do?

A

carries sperm to egg

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17
Q

What is the female gametophyte retained and nurtured by?

A

sporophyte

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18
Q

What are the vessels that gymnosperms evolved?

A

efficient type of xylem conducting cell than those found in seedless vascular plants

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19
Q

What feature did gymnosperms evolve that produce wood?

A

vascular cambium

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20
Q

What type of life cycle do gymnosperms participate in?

A

heterosporous

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21
Q

What are pollen-producing cones called?

A

strobili

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22
Q

What do strobili produce?

A

microspores

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23
Q

What do microspores produce?

A

male gametophytes

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24
Q

What are seed-producing cones called?

A

strobili

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25
Q

What do the seed-producing cones produce?

A

ovules

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26
Q

What does a megaspore produce?

A

female gametophyte

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27
Q

What does the female gametophyte produce?

A

one to few archegonia each with an egg

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28
Q

What does fertilization result in?

A

embryonic sporophyte that develops inside a seed

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29
Q

What does an ovule develop into?

A

seed

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30
Q

What are the 4 phyla of gymnosperms?

A

Cycadophyta, Coniferophyta, Gnetophyta, Ginkgophyta

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31
Q

Where do cycads live?

A

tropical and subtropical regions

32
Q

Are cycads monoecious or dioecious?

A

dioecious

33
Q

Are the sperm flagellated in cycads?

A

yes, but not used for swimming

34
Q

What is so unique about Ginkgo biloba?

A

known as a “living fossil”, has not changed much in 150 mya

35
Q

What are some characteristics of leaves in Ginkgo biloba?

A

bilobed fan-shaped, deciduous, and dichotomously veined leaves

36
Q

Are gingko biloba dioecious or monoecious?

A

dioecious

37
Q

What is unique about gingko biloba and the sexes?

A

females are smelly and undesirable

38
Q

Do gingko biloba have flagellated sperm?

A

yes

39
Q

Which phylum are the most abundant group of trees on earth?

A

Coniferophyta

40
Q

What are the 3 types of leaves in Coniferophyta?

A

needle-like, scale-like, and awl-like

41
Q

How can leaves be attached?

A

singly or in groups called fascicles

42
Q

Why do some evergreen have “sunken” stomata located in small depression on the surface of the leaf?

A

help reduce water loss in both winter and summer

43
Q

What is growth in height called?

A

primary growth

44
Q

What is growth in girth called?

A

secondar growth

45
Q

How is girth increased?

A

accumulation of wood (xylem)

46
Q

What is the life cycle in Coniferophyta?

A

alternation of generations

47
Q

What is the dominant sporophyte?

A

tree

48
Q

What does monoecious mean?

A

pollen-producing and seed-producing cones on same tree

49
Q

What are some ways that conifers are important economically?

A

75% of world’s lumbar comes from them, used to make paper, eat “pine nuts” (seeds), use trees for Christmas, flavor gin with juniper seed-producing cones, extract turpentine and varnish, use rosin on stringed instrument bows

50
Q

What are some characteristics of Gnetophytes?

A

70 species, xylem contains vessels (otherwise only found in angiosperms), found in topical and temperate regions, Ephedra aka Mormon tea used as diet aid and banned now

51
Q

What is the common name and phylum of Ephedra?

A

Mormon tea, Gnetophyta

52
Q

Characteristics of Ephedra?

A

photosynthetic stem, nodes for leaves (2), contains ephedrine

53
Q

What is the common name and phylum of Gingko biloba?

A

Ginkgo, Ginkgophyta

54
Q

Characteristics of Ginkgo biloba?

A

225 mya, females smell of rancid butter, dioecious, leaves erupt at spurs, deciduous

55
Q

What is the common name and phylum of Pinus sp.?

A

Austrian pine, Coniferophyta

56
Q

Characteristics of Pinus sp.?

A

2 needles/fascicle (180 degrees), shorter needles, cones are a little smaller

57
Q

What is the common name and phylum of Pinus ponderosa?

A

Ponderosa pine, Coniferophyta

58
Q

Characteristics of Pinus ponderosa?

A

3 needles/fascicle (360 degrees), longest needles, bark smells like butterscotch, native, important for lumber

59
Q

What is the common name and phylum of Picea pungens?

A

Colorado blue spruce, Coniferophyta

60
Q

Characteristics of Picea pungens?

A

monoecious, square-sharp-singly attached-short-spruce, female cones at top, male cones small at bottom (produce pollen to form sperm), keeps from self fertilization, stiffer needles

61
Q

What is the common name and phylum of Picea abies?

A

Norway spruce, Coniferophyta

62
Q

Characteristics of Picea abies?

A

short-spruce-sharp-square, needles are singly attached, droopy branches, has female (largest) and male cones, from Europe

63
Q

What is the common name and phylum of Picea sp.?

A

Engelman spruce, Coniferophyta

64
Q

Characteristics of Picea sp.?

A

smallest of cones, needles are a little softer, native

65
Q

What is the common name and phylum of Pseudotsuga menziesii?

A

Douglas-fir, Coniferophyta

66
Q

Characteristics of Pseudotsuga menziesii?

A

used for wood, false fir, used for Christmas trees

67
Q

What is the common name and phylum of Laris sp.?

A

Larch, tamarack, Coniferophyta

68
Q

Characteristics of Laris sp.?

A

deciduous, looks like evergreen, sheds needles

69
Q

What is the common name and phylum of Taxus sp.?

A

Yew, Coniferophyta

70
Q

Characteristics of Taxus sp.?

A

dioecious, toxic, makes cancer drug, male has tiny buds/cones, female has red cones/fleshy and immature are green, red cones are small and poisonous, taxol (cancer)

71
Q

What is the common name and phylum of Juniperus sp.?

A

Juniper, Coniferophyta

72
Q

Characteristics of Juniperus sp.?

A

dioecious, stringy bark, scale-like leaves that rotate radially, male has spots/buds at ends (small cones-yellow, at tips), female have blue berry-like cones, scale-like leaves, blue coating used to flavor gin

73
Q

What is the common name and phylum of Thuja sp.?

A

Arbor-vitae, Coniferophyta

74
Q

Characteristics of Thuja sp.?

A

scale-like leaves with flat branches, male cones at tips of leaf and have brown tips, female cones are inside

75
Q

What is the common name and phylum of Sequoiadendron giganteum?

A

Giant sequoia, big tree, Coniferophyta

76
Q

Characteristics of Sequoiadendron giganteum?

A

huge, grow for 100s of years, awl-like leaves, pokes radially around axis

77
Q

What is the abies sp.?

A

true fir with flat needles

Biology 192 Lab (14 decks)

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