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Biology 192 Lab > Chapter 4-Kingdome Viridiplantae (Bryophytes and Seedless Vascular Plants) > Flashcards

Chapter 4-Kingdome Viridiplantae (Bryophytes and Seedless Vascular Plants) Flashcards

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1
Q

T/F Land plants are the beginning of all terrestrial food chains?

A

True

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2
Q

What are some things that land plants provide?

A

food, shelter, clothing, medicines, aesthetic value, oxygen, and many other things

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3
Q

What are some main characteristics of land plants?

A

autotrophic, contain chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids

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4
Q

What are some characteristics that link land plants to green algae?

A

same pigments (a, b, carotenoids), use of starch for energy storage, presence of cellulose in cell walls

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5
Q

What is the habitat like for land plants?

A

terrestrial primarily, few aquatic tax derived from terrestrial ones

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6
Q

What are some benefits of being a multicellular land plants?

A

improves surface area/volume ratio and reduces water loss

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7
Q

What does a waxy cuticle do?

A

aboveground parts that reduce water loss, made up of chitin which is a substance that doesn’t allow water to pass

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8
Q

Do all land plants have a waxy cuticle?

A

yes but some taxa it is only minimal or found on only some life cycle stages

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9
Q

What do stomata do?

A

pores that can open and shut, regulate gas exchange and minimize water loss

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10
Q

What type of life cycle do land plants have?

A

haplodiplontic life cycle (aka an alternation of generations)

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11
Q

What are the terms of the 2 forms of generations?

A

gametophyte and sporophyte

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12
Q

Which form is dominant in ancestral groups in the life cycle?

A

gametophyte

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13
Q

Which form is dominant in recent-to-evolve groups?

A

sporophyte

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14
Q

What does the sterile jacket layer provide?

A

surrounds reproductive structures (antheridia, archegonia, and sporangia), protects structures from desiccation

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15
Q

T/F Spores are able to resist desiccation as well as go dormant?

A

True

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16
Q

Where are embryos located in land plants?

A

protective structure, located in the “seed”, adaptation to terrestrial habitat

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17
Q

What are the xylem and phloem?

A

conducting tissues that transport water and other materials around plant and allow it to grow away from immediately adjacent moisture

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18
Q

Did the first group of land plants that evolved have all of these characteristics?

A

no

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19
Q

What is a clade?

A

group of organisms related by descent

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20
Q

What are cladistics?

A

a technique that constructs an evolutionary tree using shared derived characteristics

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21
Q

What are shared derived characteristics?

A

unique to a particular clade or branch

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22
Q

What is a characteristic that is unique to a particular brand or group called?

A

synapomorphy

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23
Q

A cladogram is one form of a phylogenetic (evolutionary) tree. What is a another called that is based on overall similarity?

A

phenogram

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24
Q

T/F An ancestral green algae is believed to have led to both modern green algae and all other members of the Kingdom Plantae.

A

False: Kingdom Viridiplantae

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25
Q

What types of plants are part of the Bryophytes?

A

mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

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26
Q

Why are bryophytes called “amphibians of the land plants”?

A

live in moist environments and reproduction requires water

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27
Q

T/F Bryophytes are the most ancestral group of terrestrial plants.

A

True

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28
Q

How did bryophytes come to be?

A

green algal ancestors gradually moved onto land to become first bryophytes, first land plants

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29
Q

How far do the first bryophyte fossils date back to?

A

400 mya

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30
Q

Have spores been found that date back to 600 mya

A

no, 550 mya

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31
Q

When does fossil evidence indicate that plants, animals, and fungi colonized land?

A

500 mya

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32
Q

What was an advantage for plants moving to land?

A

few predators

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33
Q

What are characteristics of all bryophytes?

A

multicellular, reproductive structures surrounded by sterile jacket layer, plant embryo protected from desiccation, spores able to resist desiccation as well as dormant

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34
Q

Bryophytes are nonvascular. What does that mean?

A

do not have conducting tissues (xylem and phloem)

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35
Q

Why can’t Bryophytes grow tall?

A

increase in height would take them out of moist microenvironment and strength of xylem cells necessary for support

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36
Q

Do nonvascular plants have leaves, roots, or stem?

A

no since they’re defined as vascular tissue

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37
Q

What are the root-like structures called in Bryophytes?

A

rhizoids (composed of one to several cells)

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38
Q

What is the use of rhizoids?

A

anchoring the plant, not absorbing water or other materials

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39
Q

What is the plant body called in Bryophytes?

A

thallus

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40
Q

Is the gametophyte or sporophyte dominant in Bryophytes?

A

gametophyte which produces gametes

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41
Q

What are the sexual structures in Bryophytes?

A

multicellular antheridia (produces swimming biflagellated sperm), multicellular archegonia (produces eggs), and produces a zygote from fertilization

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42
Q

What happens in the sporophyte generation in Bryophytes?

A

produces spores, generation produced as a result of mitosis of the zygote, and remains attached to gametophyte (obtains nutrition)

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43
Q

Which phylum contains the liverworts?

A

Phylum Hepaticophyta

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44
Q

The liverworts are the earliest known plants. When do the earliest fossils date back from?

A

400 mya

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45
Q

Where can liverworts be found?

A

in moist environments (on soil, trunks, and rocks)

46
Q

What are the 2 general forms of liverworts?

A

thallose and leafy

47
Q

T/F Leafy species exist in temperate zones and thallose exist worldwide.

A

False: leafy is worldwide and thanes in temperate zones

48
Q

What do thallose liverworts look like?

A

inconspicuous and flat, branches dichotomously (unusual for plants), bilaterally symmetric, small and measured in mm or cm

49
Q

Water are some other characteristics of liverworts?

A

surface is cutinized, thallus contains one pores that cannot close, gases can be exchanged and water can escape, sporophyte contains no pores,

50
Q

Describe asexual reproduction in liverworts.

A

either by fragmentation or though production of gamma cups, small cup-like structures produce gamma, these pieces of gametophytic tissue can be splashed out by rain and grow into new plants

51
Q

Describe the alternation of generations in liverworts.

A

gametophyte is dominant, most are dioecious meaning that the female and male parts exist on different plants; female have archegoniophores that bear archegonia on lower surface and archegonium contains one egg, male have antheridiophores that bear antheridia in upper surface, antheridium contain many sperm

52
Q

Which phylum contain the true mosses?

A

Phylum Bryophyta

53
Q

When do the earliest mosses date back to?

A

300 mya

54
Q

What type of habitats do mosses live?

A

moist habitats (soil, trunks, roofs, and bird nests), large mats sometimes, tolerate less moisture than liverworts, some live in harsh environments, some can survive in dry places like deserts, Antarctic taxa survive freezing and darkness

55
Q

How do sperm in mosses get to the egg.

A

swim, reproduction limited to when water available

56
Q

T/F The thallus in mosses is erect and non symmetrical.

A

False: it is symmetrical

57
Q

Which form is dominant?

A

gametophyte, thin, leaf-like structures that remain close to water, measured mm and cm

58
Q

What are some other characteristics of mosses?

A

many have stomata on sporophyte and stay open generally, gametophyte does not have stomata, conducting cells in gametophyte and sporophyte, leaves partially covered by cuticle

59
Q

Describe the life cycle of mosses.

A

alternation of generations life cycle, most dioecious, archegonia born at tips of female gametophytes and antheridia born at tips of male gametophyte not on “phores” (branches) as in liverworts, fertilization by swimming or splashed sperm; sporophyte (consisting of seta (stalk) and capsule, arises from fertilized egg on tip of female gametophyte, meiosis occurs in capsule producing spores, asexual reprod. by fragmention

60
Q

What are mosses used for?

A

stabilize soil, reduces erosion, pioneer species after lichens,

61
Q

What is interesting about sphagnum moss?

A

found in bogs, spongy wet ground with much decaying material, absorbent and acidic, used as a wound dressing in WWI and by aboriginal peoples for disinfectant and diaper purposes

62
Q

Which phylum contains the hornworts?

A

Phylum Anthocerophyta

63
Q

What are hornworts named for?

A

sporophyte shaped like an elongated tapered horn emerging from the gametophyte

64
Q

What is unusual about the gametophyte in hornworts?

A

flat and less than the size of a dime

65
Q

What are characteristics of sporophytes in hornworts?

A

indeterminate growth and can grow for several months

66
Q

What are habitats common for hornworts?

A

unplowed fields and eroded locations

67
Q

What are some other characteristics of hornworts?

A

stomata on sporophyte that can open and shut reducing water loss, cutting in epidermal cells reducing water loss

68
Q

What mutualistic relationship do some hornworts participate in?

A

nitrogen-fixing Nostoc living in cavities in the plant

69
Q

What 2 phyla are seedless vascular plants?

A

Phylum Lycophyta and Phylum Pterophyta

70
Q

When do the oldest fossils date back for seedless vascular plants?

A

410 mya

71
Q

T/F Seedless vascular plants have xylem and phloem that do not produce seeds.

A

True

72
Q

What does the xylem do?

A

transport necessary substances and to support themselves against gravity, conducts water and minerals from roots to other parts of the plant

73
Q

What does the phloem do?

A

conducts photosynthates (sugars) from the photosynthetic parts of the plant elsewhere, allows roots to be nourished and grow deeper

74
Q

What does lignin help with?

A

makes cell walls stronger, helping support of the plant

75
Q

What are benefits from being a seedless vascular plant and not relying on water?

A

grow elsewhere, grow tall, disperse pores, larger geographic ranges

76
Q

Do seedless vascular plants still have swimming sperm?

A

yes

77
Q

Since vascular plants have vascular tissue, do they have true roots, stems, and leaves?

A

yes

78
Q

Which form is dominant in the alternation of generations life cycle?

A

sporophyte

79
Q

What happens in the alternation of generations life cycle for seedless vascular plants?

A

most have sporophylls (evolved from leaves) that bear sporangia, sporangia produce spores, gametophyte produce antheridia and/or archegonia

80
Q

Which phylum include the club mosses?

A

Phylum Lycophyta

81
Q

What did the club mosses form that are important?

A

coal deposits

82
Q

T/F Club mosses are diminutive plants.

A

True

83
Q

What are some characteristics of club mosses?

A

several cm in height, have rhizomes, aboveground branches covered with leaves called microphylls that are small and single-veined

84
Q

What are rhizomes?

A

horizontal underground stems that give rise to vertical branches

85
Q

How can asexual reprod. occur in club mosses?

A

if part of a rhizome becomes detached from rest of plant

86
Q

Which form is dominant in club mosses?

A

sporophyte

87
Q

Describe the alternation of generations cycle in club mosses?

A

sporophylls bearing sporangia grouped into storable (cones) at end of branches, sporangia produce spores, some lycophytes have 2 spores (microspores give rise to male gametophyte and megaspores produce female gametophyte), heterosporous (all seed plants)

88
Q

Which phylum do the horsetails, whisk ferns, and true ferns belong to?

A

Phylum Pterophyta

89
Q

Which form is dominant in the life cycle in Phylum Pterophyta?

A

sporophyte

90
Q

What other names are there for horsetails?

A

scouring rushes and snakegrass

91
Q

What gives horsetails their name?

A

many branches make stem look like bushy horse’s tail

92
Q

What are some characteristics of horsetails?

A

numerous vertical stems grow from horizontal rhizome tat is hard to eradicate if growing as weeds; stems are jointed, ribbed, and photosynthesis, silica in epidermal cells of these plants made them useful to pioneers for cleaning pans and polishing hardwood floors, leaves are the small dark structures at the joints

93
Q

Describe the alternation of generations cycle in horsetails.

A

spores are produced in sporangia, located on sporangiophores (phore=branch) in strobilus (cone-like structure) at tip of stem; spores have surface extensions called elates, elators move in response to changes in humidity, presumable helping to free spores form their sporangium and perhaps aiding in flight

94
Q

What are elators used for?

A

dispersal

95
Q

Where does Psilotum whisk ferns live?

A

in U.S. (TX to FL and Hawaii)

96
Q

What do whisk ferns look like?

A

whisk brooms with numerous upright and branched stems, plant body lacks true roots and leaves

97
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur in whisk ferns?

A

green stems

98
Q

What are characteristics of true ferns?

A

herbaceous and not woody, perennial; vary in size from mm to 25 meters; horizontal rhizome which leaves grow,

99
Q

Where do true ferns live?

A

shady forests, some are epiphytes (live on plants but do not hurt them), occasionally in desert of SW Idaho, slightly moister microhabitats

100
Q

What are leaves called in true ferns?

A

fronds, generally large

101
Q

What are sections called?

A

leaflets (pinnae)

102
Q

What is a young frond called?

A

fiddlehead, breaks through soil in cold position which resembles a fiddle

103
Q

What do stomata do on leaves of true ferns?

A

regulate gas exchange

104
Q

What form is dominant in true ferns?

A

sporophyte

105
Q

What are sori on true ferns sometimes mistaken as?

A

insects or insect eggs and gets thrown away because owner thinks it’s sick

106
Q

Sporangium that has specialized cells in a medial position called what?

A

annulus

107
Q

Where are sori located on ferns?

A

normal leaves or on specialized leaves

108
Q

What does the gametophyte generation in true ferns look like?

A

heart-shaped and smaller (measured in mm)

109
Q

What is the gametophyte generation in true ferns called?

A

prothallus

110
Q

What does the portholes produce?

A

antheridia and archegonia; if a zygote produced, grows into sporophyte; sporophyte dwarfs tiny gametophyte so no gametophyte associated with adult sporophytes

Biology 192 Lab (14 decks)

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