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Biology 192 Lab > Chapter 10-Mollusks > Flashcards

Chapter 10-Mollusks Flashcards

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1
Q

What does Phylum Mollusca consist of?

A

clams, mussels, scallops, oysters, snails, slugs, nudibranchs (sea slugs), cuttlefish, squids, and octopuses

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2
Q

What is a mollusk?

A

soft-bodied creature with some sort of shell

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3
Q

Where do most mollusks live?

A

marine environments; many freshwater and terrestrial environments

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4
Q

What are the 3 parts of a basic mollusk body plan?

A

mantle, foot, visceral mass

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5
Q

What is the mantle cavity?

A

space through which water, or in some cases air, circulates

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6
Q

What is the reason for the circulation?

A

fresh oxygen for gas exchange

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7
Q

What is Ctenidia?

A

vascularized filamentous projections derived for the mantle, housed within the mantle cavity and function as gills in aquatic species

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8
Q

T/F Nitrogenous waste from excretory system and solid wastes from the digestive system empty into the mantle cavity and are swept away in a current flow.

A

True

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9
Q

What does the mantle produce?

A

shell

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10
Q

What is the foot and what does it do?

A

muscular structure used for locomotion by most mollusks, some specifically for prey capture

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11
Q

What does the visceral mass contain?

A

most of the internal organs such as the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems

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12
Q

What is the coelom like in mollusks?

A

small spaces around excretory organs, heart, and intestines

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13
Q

What does the shell contain?

A

2 layer sof calcium carbonate covered by an organic layer of the protein conchin

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14
Q

What is the outer layer of shell?

A

periostracum which protects the inner calcium-rich layers from erosion

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15
Q

What is the inner layer of shell?

A

nacreous layer which is secreted continuously by the mantle

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16
Q

What is the layer between the periostracum and nacreous layer?

A

prismatic layer made form densely packed crystals of calcium carbonate

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17
Q

What is the shell used as?

A

spacious retreat for the soft and vulnerable body; in some groups the shell has been reduced, internalized, or lost (slugs, cephalopods, cuttlefish, squid and octopus)

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18
Q

What are member of the Class Polyplacophora called?

A

chitons

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19
Q

What are characteristics of Class Polyplacophora?

A

grazing herbivores found in shallow marine environments, have dorsoventrally flattened ovoid bodies covered with 8 overlapping calcareous plates; head is poorly developed and hidden beneath a girdle formed by a thick mantle; most of ventral surface occupied by a large, muscular, elongate foot which animal uses to move slowly across a hard substrates

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20
Q

What do chitons use the foot for?

A

suction, adhere tightly to surfaces

21
Q

What do chitons lack?

A

antennae and eyes

22
Q

What is a radula?

A

hard, grooved surface that animals use to scrape and grind algae off rock and other surfaces

23
Q

What is the mantle cavity’s purpose in chitons?

A

contains ctenidia (gills), surrounds foot on all sides

24
Q

What animals are in Class Bivalvia?

A

clams, mussels, scallops, and oysters

25
Q

Where do bivalves live?

A

most are marine and some live in freshwater

26
Q

How are bivalves usually recognized?

A

2 lateral shells hinged together and causes them to gape open

27
Q

What draws the 2 shells together?

A

one or two large adductor muscles

28
Q

What does the mantle secrete?

A

shells and ligament and envelops the internal organs within the shells

29
Q

How do pearls form?

A

irritant like a grain of sand, lodges between the mantle and the shell, the mantle responds by surrounding the irritant with layers of the same crystalline material used for the shell

30
Q

What is the foot used for in Class Bivalvia?

A

anchoring animal to substrate, creeping, or burrowing in soft sediments

31
Q

Do bivalves have a radula?

A

no

32
Q

Do bivalves have a distinct head region?

A

no

33
Q

How do members of Class Bivalvia capture food?

A

gills; water circulates through mantle cavity and small food particles trapped in mucus covering gill surface; near mouth, food particles are gathered by flaps of tissue called labial palps which roll to direct food in the mouth; movement of cilia on surface of gills also creates current flow through the mantle cavity; water enters and leaves the mantle cavity through openings called siphons

34
Q

What do siphons do in the bivalves that burrow?

A

extend to surface of the substrate to facilitate water circulation through the body

35
Q

What animals belong to Class Gastropoda?

A

limpets, snails, slugs, and nudibranchs (sea slugs)

36
Q

Do gastropods have shells?

A

most do which is often coiled, slugs and nudibranchs have lost their shell

37
Q

How do gastropods move?

A

crawl on muscular foot, but foot has been modified in some for swimming such as nudibranchs

38
Q

Do gastropods have a radula?

A

yes, used for scraping food off of hard surfaces

39
Q

T/F Gastropods are herbivores but some are scavengers or predators.

A

True

40
Q

Gastropods go though torsion. What is torsion?

A

asymmetric growth that repositions the mantle cavity and anus form the posterior part of the body a location nearer to the head

41
Q

What species belong to Class Cepahlopoda?

A

squid, octopus, cuttlefish, and nautilus

42
Q

T/F Cephalopods are herbivores.

A

False: carnivorous

43
Q

How are cephalopods specialized?

A

well developed sensory, nervous, locomotion systems; largest brains and well-developed eyes among invertebrates

44
Q

What are features of the cephalopod body?

A

consists of a foot, head, and visceral mass as we’ll as a mantle, mantle cavity, radula, paired gills, and reduced shell

45
Q

Where are the fills housed in cephalopods?

A

mantle cavity

46
Q

What makes a foot in a cephalopod so unique?

A

developed into a ring of arms and tentacles which are usually covered in suction cups

47
Q

What are the arms used for?

A

appendages for capturing prey but in octopus arms they are also used for locomotion

48
Q

How does water flow in cephalopods?

A

muscular action of the mantle wall-drawn in mantle cavity by mantle expansion, when mantle contracts, it forms a tight seal around visceral mass and then forces the water out a narrow tubular funnel (siphon) exiting mantle cavity

49
Q

What is the pen or cuttlebone for?

A

counter the tendency of the body to lengthen during muscle contractions

Biology 192 Lab (14 decks)

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