Chapter 1-Kingdoms Archaebacteria and Bacteria Flashcards
What’s are the 6 kingdoms of organisms?
Archaebacteria, Animalia, Fungi, Protista, Viridiplantae, and Bacteria
What are the 3 Domains of organisms?
Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria
What kingdoms are in the Domain Eukarya?
Animalia, Fungi, Protista, and Viridiplantae
What kingdom is in the Domain Archaea?
Archaebacteria
What kingdom is in the Domain Bacteria?
Bacteria
What is a clade?
Group of organisms related by evolutionary descent
What is a shared derived characteristic?
Characteristics unique to particular branch or clade
What are cladistics?
Systematic procedure that constructs evolutionary trees based on shared derived characteristics
What is the endosymbiotic origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria?
These two organelles arose from one ancestral eukaryotic cell engulfing a prokaryotic cell
What are 3 lines of evidence for endosymbiotic theory?
- Presence of prokaryotic-like ribosomes in mitochondria and chloroplasts
- Presence of prokaryotic form of DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts
- ATP synthesis membrane-bound event in mitochondria and chloroplasts like in bacteria
What are extremophiles?
From Domain Archaea and live in extreme environments
Halophiles
Like salt (Great Salt Lake)
Thermohiles
Like heat (hot springs)
Methanogens
Live in swamps and intestines
Mesophiles
Live in moderate temp. anaerobic environment, neutral pHs, low salinity
What are general characteristics of Kingdom Bacteria (prokaryotes)?
No membrane-bound nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, no mitochondria, chloroplasts, or ER, contain genetic material in chromosome (which is circular, not bound and stabilized by histone proteins), no introns
3 shapes of bacteria?
- Coccus
- Bacillus
- Spriillum
One other shape of bacteria?
Vibroid-comma-shaped or curved bacillus
What does heterotrophic mean?
do no produce own energy but obtain from other organisms
What are primary decomposers?
feeding on dead organic matter
What does autotrophic mean?
make their own energy
Where does a lithoautotroph get its energy?
rocks
Where does a photoautotroph get its energy?
the sun
What sybiotic relationship is when both members benefit?
mutualism
Give an example of mutualism?
termites and their gut inhabitants (protozoan endosymbionts produce cellulase which live in gut of termites)
How long have bacteria been on Earth?
3.5 bya
T/F Bacteria are the most abundant organisms on Earth.
True
T/F More than 1% of bacterial species are pathogenic to humans.
False
How do bacteria divide?
binary fission
What is binary fission?
pinching off of two cells from one
Name the growth phases in order of bacteria.
Lag phase: curve increases slowly
Exponential phase: speeds up
Statoinonary phase: reaches carrying capacity
Death phase: nutrients limited, wastes accumulates
T/F Bacterial cells are hypo osmotic relative to their surroundings.
False-they are hyperosmotic
Do animal cells have a wall?
no
What are plant cell walls made up of?
cellulose, lignin, and other substances
What are fungal cells made up of?
chitin
What is the main component in a bacterial cell wall?
peptidoglycan
What color do gram positive bacteria turn?
purple
What color do gram negative bacteria turn?
pink
What are the step to performa gram stain?
crystal violet, iodine, safranin
Why do gram positive bacteria remain purple when applied a gram stain?
The peptidoglycan layer is very thick and does not break down the cell wall.
What is a flat colony of cells surrounded by excreted polysaccharides?
biofilms
What do Rhodospirillum rubric look like?
spiral-shaped, look like worms wiggling
What kind of symbiotic relationship is when two or more dissimilar organisms live closely together?
symbiosis
What kind of symbiotic relationship is when both organisms benefit?
mutualism
The relationship between Rhizobium bacteria on nodules of pea family plants is what?
mutualism
What are sensitivity plates used for?
to determine whether bacterial culture is sensitive or resistant to a specific antibiotic or other substance
What was the first antibiotic discovered?
penicillin
Who discovered penicillin?
Alexander Fleming in 1929
What are some characteristics of cyanobacteria?
photosynthetic containing pigments chlorophyll a, phycocyanin, and phycoerythrin, produced the earth’s first free oxygen, fossils found from 3-3.5 by a, gelatinous matrix around them, live in moist/wet environments, primary producers, most have a symbiotic relationship with another organism
Are cyanobacteria aka blue-green algae a type of algae or bacteria?
Bacteria, a prokaryote
What does Oscillatoria look like?
looks like long rods with lines across that look like ladderrs
What does Nostoc look like?
green in color, looks like beads on a necklace
What does Merismopedia look like?
makes colony of squares, gelatinous matrix around cells
What does Gleocapsa look like?
very small but looks like 5-6 cells inside a bigger cell
What does Spirulina look like?
chains of squares that are green in color
What are 5 characteristics of bacteria?
circular DNA, cell walls made up of peptidoglycan, binary fission, 3 main shapes, diverse and abundant
How does bacteria become resistant to certain antibiotics?
natural selection
Name 2 of 3 Domains.
Eukarya, Archaea, Bacteria
T/F Autotrophs are capable of synthesizing their own food from inorganic substances.
True
T/F Thermophiles love and often inhabit extremely salty environments.
False-Halophiles like salty environments and thermophiles like hot environments
Name a form of cyanobacteria (3 types)
filamentous, colonial, etc.
In order for natural selection to occur, what 3 processes need to occur?
variability in genotypes, inheritance of variability, and environmental testing/pressures
