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Biology 192 Lab > Chapter 1-Kingdoms Archaebacteria and Bacteria > Flashcards

Chapter 1-Kingdoms Archaebacteria and Bacteria Flashcards

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0
Q

What’s are the 6 kingdoms of organisms?

A

Archaebacteria, Animalia, Fungi, Protista, Viridiplantae, and Bacteria

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1
Q

What are the 3 Domains of organisms?

A

Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria

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2
Q

What kingdoms are in the Domain Eukarya?

A

Animalia, Fungi, Protista, and Viridiplantae

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3
Q

What kingdom is in the Domain Archaea?

A

Archaebacteria

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4
Q

What kingdom is in the Domain Bacteria?

A

Bacteria

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5
Q

What is a clade?

A

Group of organisms related by evolutionary descent

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6
Q

What is a shared derived characteristic?

A

Characteristics unique to particular branch or clade

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7
Q

What are cladistics?

A

Systematic procedure that constructs evolutionary trees based on shared derived characteristics

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8
Q

What is the endosymbiotic origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria?

A

These two organelles arose from one ancestral eukaryotic cell engulfing a prokaryotic cell

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9
Q

What are 3 lines of evidence for endosymbiotic theory?

A
  1. Presence of prokaryotic-like ribosomes in mitochondria and chloroplasts
  2. Presence of prokaryotic form of DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts
  3. ATP synthesis membrane-bound event in mitochondria and chloroplasts like in bacteria
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10
Q

What are extremophiles?

A

From Domain Archaea and live in extreme environments

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11
Q

Halophiles

A

Like salt (Great Salt Lake)

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12
Q

Thermohiles

A

Like heat (hot springs)

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13
Q

Methanogens

A

Live in swamps and intestines

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14
Q

Mesophiles

A

Live in moderate temp. anaerobic environment, neutral pHs, low salinity

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15
Q

What are general characteristics of Kingdom Bacteria (prokaryotes)?

A

No membrane-bound nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, no mitochondria, chloroplasts, or ER, contain genetic material in chromosome (which is circular, not bound and stabilized by histone proteins), no introns

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16
Q

3 shapes of bacteria?

A
  1. Coccus
  2. Bacillus
  3. Spriillum
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17
Q

One other shape of bacteria?

A

Vibroid-comma-shaped or curved bacillus

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18
Q

What does heterotrophic mean?

A

do no produce own energy but obtain from other organisms

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19
Q

What are primary decomposers?

A

feeding on dead organic matter

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20
Q

What does autotrophic mean?

A

make their own energy

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21
Q

Where does a lithoautotroph get its energy?

A

rocks

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22
Q

Where does a photoautotroph get its energy?

A

the sun

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23
Q

What sybiotic relationship is when both members benefit?

A

mutualism

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24
Q

Give an example of mutualism?

A

termites and their gut inhabitants (protozoan endosymbionts produce cellulase which live in gut of termites)

25
Q

How long have bacteria been on Earth?

A

3.5 bya

26
Q

T/F Bacteria are the most abundant organisms on Earth.

A

True

27
Q

T/F More than 1% of bacterial species are pathogenic to humans.

A

False

28
Q

How do bacteria divide?

A

binary fission

29
Q

What is binary fission?

A

pinching off of two cells from one

30
Q

Name the growth phases in order of bacteria.

A

Lag phase: curve increases slowly
Exponential phase: speeds up
Statoinonary phase: reaches carrying capacity
Death phase: nutrients limited, wastes accumulates

31
Q

T/F Bacterial cells are hypo osmotic relative to their surroundings.

A

False-they are hyperosmotic

32
Q

Do animal cells have a wall?

A

no

33
Q

What are plant cell walls made up of?

A

cellulose, lignin, and other substances

34
Q

What are fungal cells made up of?

A

chitin

35
Q

What is the main component in a bacterial cell wall?

A

peptidoglycan

36
Q

What color do gram positive bacteria turn?

A

purple

37
Q

What color do gram negative bacteria turn?

A

pink

38
Q

What are the step to performa gram stain?

A

crystal violet, iodine, safranin

39
Q

Why do gram positive bacteria remain purple when applied a gram stain?

A

The peptidoglycan layer is very thick and does not break down the cell wall.

40
Q

What is a flat colony of cells surrounded by excreted polysaccharides?

A

biofilms

41
Q

What do Rhodospirillum rubric look like?

A

spiral-shaped, look like worms wiggling

42
Q

What kind of symbiotic relationship is when two or more dissimilar organisms live closely together?

A

symbiosis

43
Q

What kind of symbiotic relationship is when both organisms benefit?

A

mutualism

44
Q

The relationship between Rhizobium bacteria on nodules of pea family plants is what?

A

mutualism

45
Q

What are sensitivity plates used for?

A

to determine whether bacterial culture is sensitive or resistant to a specific antibiotic or other substance

46
Q

What was the first antibiotic discovered?

A

penicillin

47
Q

Who discovered penicillin?

A

Alexander Fleming in 1929

48
Q

What are some characteristics of cyanobacteria?

A

photosynthetic containing pigments chlorophyll a, phycocyanin, and phycoerythrin, produced the earth’s first free oxygen, fossils found from 3-3.5 by a, gelatinous matrix around them, live in moist/wet environments, primary producers, most have a symbiotic relationship with another organism

49
Q

Are cyanobacteria aka blue-green algae a type of algae or bacteria?

A

Bacteria, a prokaryote

50
Q

What does Oscillatoria look like?

A

looks like long rods with lines across that look like ladderrs

51
Q

What does Nostoc look like?

A

green in color, looks like beads on a necklace

52
Q

What does Merismopedia look like?

A

makes colony of squares, gelatinous matrix around cells

53
Q

What does Gleocapsa look like?

A

very small but looks like 5-6 cells inside a bigger cell

54
Q

What does Spirulina look like?

A

chains of squares that are green in color

55
Q

What are 5 characteristics of bacteria?

A

circular DNA, cell walls made up of peptidoglycan, binary fission, 3 main shapes, diverse and abundant

56
Q

How does bacteria become resistant to certain antibiotics?

A

natural selection

57
Q

Name 2 of 3 Domains.

A

Eukarya, Archaea, Bacteria

58
Q

T/F Autotrophs are capable of synthesizing their own food from inorganic substances.

A

True

59
Q

T/F Thermophiles love and often inhabit extremely salty environments.

A

False-Halophiles like salty environments and thermophiles like hot environments

60
Q

Name a form of cyanobacteria (3 types)

A

filamentous, colonial, etc.

61
Q

In order for natural selection to occur, what 3 processes need to occur?

A

variability in genotypes, inheritance of variability, and environmental testing/pressures

Biology 192 Lab (14 decks)

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