Chapter 2-Kingdom Protista Flashcards
Are protists eukaryotes or prokaryotes?
eukaryotes (simple)
Are most protists unicellular or multicellular?
unicellular
What kind of habitat do most protists live in?
moist habitats including water and moist soil and moist interiors of other organisms
T/F Some protists are called algae.
True
What 4 levels of organization are algae organized by?
- Unicellular (single unattached cells, some motile some not)
- Filamentous (chains of cells, some motile, some branched/unbranched)
- Colonial (groups of cells in flat sheet or squares)
- Multicellular (3D and have degree of specialization among their cells)
What kingdom are green algae placed in?
Kingdom Viridiplantae
What are protozoans?
animal-like, heterotrophic with great diversity in form, motility, and physiology
What are slime molds?
share few characteristics with fungi, heterotrophic and have restricted motility
What sub-clades are in the Clade Euglenozoa?
Euglenoids and Kinetoplastids
What are characteristics of Clade Euglenozoa?
anterior flagella, flexible pellicle and free-living mode of existence
What are some characteristics of the sub-clade Euglenoids?
1,000 unicellular motile species, freshwater environment mostly, common in water containing lots of organic matter, cell size varies (10-500 micrometers), autotrophic (1/3) and heterotrophic (2/3), autotroph forms contain chlorophylls a and b and carotenoids
What characteristics make Euglenoids stand out from other sub-clades?
eyespot (stigma), 2 flagella, pellicle is flexible and proteinaceouss, reproduction asexual through mitosis
What does Euglena look like?
loose diamond-shaped protist with an eyespot and green in color
What are some characteristics of the sub-clade Kinetoplastids?
heterotrophic, unicellular or colonial, at least one flagellum, some reproduce sexually and some do not
What disease does Trypanosoma (Kinetoplastid) causes?
African sleeping sickness transmitted by tsetse fly
Trychonympha does what?
lives in guts of termites and produces enzymes that break down wood (mutualism)
What does Trypanosome mean?
RBCs with spiral-shaped protists inbetween
What sub-clades are in the Clade Alveolata?
dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates
What is a shared characteristic of all the organisms in the Clade Alveolata?
stacked flattened vesicles (alveoli) below plasma membrane
What are some characteristics of dinoflagellates?
photosynthetic, 2,000-3,000 species of marine and freshwater habitats, unicellular, 2 flagella (beat and looks like a spinning top), pigments include chlorophylls a and c and carotenoids, autotrophic and heterotrophic, free-living and mutualistic forms, starch is energy storage molecule, helmet or armor-like cellulosic plates surround them, oldest fossils date back 430 may, mainly asexual
What are red tides?
explosion of dinoflagellates, 20 species known to produce them
Why do people avoid seafood when red tides are occurring?
produce nerve toxin that is toxic to humans
What do dinoflagellates look like?
very odd shapes, looks like have legs
What are common characteristics of apicomplexans?
heterotrophic, parasites of animals, produce spores as part of life cycle, non-mobile on their own, move via hosts, many are bloodstream parasites
What does Plasmodium (Apicomplexan) cause?
malaria, when anopheles (mosquito) bites a human it injects 1,000 spores into blood vessel, spores enter bloodstream, reach liver, reproduce and invade RBCs, which ruptures them
What are characteristics of Ciliates
unicellular, heterotrophic, large numbers of cilia, 8,000 species, cells range from 10-3000 micrometers long, 2 types of nuclei, micronuclei involved in sexual reproduction, macronucleus involved in physciological functions
What are characteristics of Paramecium?
free-living organism of fresh water, reproduces sexually by conjugation, contains oral groove where food enters
What are characteristics of Vorticella?
fresh water sessile filter feeder with cilia around the body, cilia draw in food particles
What sub-clades are in the clade Stramenopila?
brown algae, diatoms, and water molds
Which phylum do the brown algae belong to?
Phylum Phaeophyta
What phylum do the diatoms belong to?
Phylum Chrysophyta
What is a shared characteristic of organisms in Stramenopila?
presence of fine flagellar hairs
What are characteristics of brown algae?
contains chlorophylls a and c, fucoxanthin (brown), and other carotenoids, motile cells have two lateral flagella, energy storage involves laminarin, 1,500 species, all multicellular, range in size from microscopic to meters,
What are the 3 parts of the brown algae that differentiate them?
blade, holdfast, and stipe
Where do brown algae grow?
in cool, marine waters
What is the function of the bladder in brown algae?
air-filled floatation device
T/F Brown algae do not hold provide a habitat from many animal species.
False-they do
What is algin used for in brown algae?
emulsifier and stabilizer in some foods from kelp
What kind of life cycle does Fucus have?
diplontic life cycle-same as humans
What are conceptacles?
cavities in the uppermost part of the blade where gametes are protected from drying out, a morphological adaptation to periodic exposure to air
Where are eggs produced in Fucus?
oogonia
Where are sperm produced in Fucus?
antheridia
What are characteristics of diatoms?
10,000 species, unicellular or occasionally colonial, important primary producers, chlorophylls a and c, fucoxanthin (golden-brown), and other carotenoids, chrysolaminarin is their energy storage molecule
What makes the cell wall of diatoms unique?
contains silicon dioxide (glass), like a little glass house in petri dish form
What happens to diatoms when they die?
wall sinks and contributes to deposits of diatomaceous earth
What is diatomaceous earth used for?
abrasive in toothpaste and silver polish, absorbent in cat litter, reflective pain on road signs, component of swimming pool filters
What two groups of diatoms exist?
those with pennate symmetry (found more often in freshwater and show bilateral symmetry) and centric diatoms (radially symmetric)
What type of algae belong to the Clade Rhodophyta?
red algae
What are characteristics of red algae?
7,000 species, live in warm marine waters, size varies from microscopic to a flat blade highly branched, Floridian starch is their energy storage molecule, chlorophyll a and carotenoids, and phycobilins, their pigments absorb different wavelengths of light which allow them to live in deeper waters, no flagellated cells produced
What are red algae thought to have evolved from by endosymbiosis?
cyanobacteria
What mucilaginous substance is produced from cell walls of red algae?
agar
T/F Coralline red algae contribute to coral reefs
True
What phylum are amoebas a part of?
Phylum Rhizopoda
What characteristics do amoebas have?
heterotrophic, single-celled, live in marine freshwater or soil environments, include free-living and parasitic forms, have pseudopods, cell has two vacuole types: phagocytic are for feeding and contractile expel excess water to maintain cell’s water balance, reproduction is asexual and occurs through mitosis
What are pseudopods?
false feet, nonpermanent cellular projections that result from flow of cytoplasm, allow an organism to move in any direction and also trap food
What do amoebas look like?
very small and move fast, also odd shapes and blue and pink in color
Which phylum are forams or “shelled amoebas” in?
Phylum Foraminifera
What does the name Foraminifera come from?
means “little hole” and “to bear”, refers to many perforations in shell
What is the shell called and what does it consist of?
a test, contains organic and inorganic materials (calcium carbonate)
What are podia?
thin cytoplasmic projections involved in swimming and feeding
What are some other characteristics of forams?
omnivorous, most are small but some can be several cm in diameter, some colorful (red), both attached and free-floating forms
What do forams look like?
looks like snail shell that is brown in color and other was a weird shape
T/F Egyptian pyramids were built of foram-containing limestone.
True
There are 3 types of slime molds but which Phylum did we learn about?
Phylum Myxomycota
What are some characteristics of slime molds in Phylum Myxomycota?
400-500 species, name means “mucus” and “fungus”, no hyphae, often live in damp forests on fallen logs, decaying vegetation, obtain food through phagocytosis, do not have chitin in cell walls
T/F Most protists are multicellular.
False
