chapter 7 Flashcards
Group dynamic expert Marvin Shaw argued that all groups have one thing in common: ___________.
Their members interact
a ____ refers to two or more people who, for longer than a few moments, interact and influence one another and perceive one another as “us.”
group
“_______” means that the people are not competing, do not reawrd or punish, and in fact do nothing except be present as a passive audience or as ______.
“mere presence”
co-actors
_______ are a group of people working simultaneously and individually on a noncompetitive task
co-actors
children told to wind string on a fishing reel as rapidly as possible wound _______ when they worked with co-actors than when they worked alone.
faster
originally, _______ referred to the tendency of people to preform simple tasks or well-learned tasks better when other are present
now, this refers to the strengthening of dominant (prevalent, likely) responses owing to the presence of others
social facilitation
_____ enhances whatever response tendency is dominant
arousal
increased ______ enhances performance on easy tasks for which the most likely “dominant” response is correct
arousal
note: people solve easy anagrams, such as akec, fastest when they are anxious
social arousal _______ dominant responses, whether right or wrong
facilitates
stutterers tend to stutter ____ in front of larger audiences than when speaking to just one or two people.
more
concern for how others are evaluating us is called _______.
evaluation apprehension
Robert Baron and Danny Moore (1986) theorized that when people wonder how co-actors are doing or how an audience is reacting, _________.
they get distracted
a good theory is ______: it simplifies and summarizes a variety of observations
scientific shorthand
a good theory also offers clear ______ that (1) help ____ or _____ the theory. (2) guide new exploration, and (3) suggest ______.
predictions
confirm or modify
practical application
groups loaf _____ when their members are friends or are identified with indispensable to their group
less
Researchers observed children trick-or-treating. Some children were alone and some were in groups. Some were identifiable while others were anonymous. The experimenter invited the children to take one candy and then the experimenter left the room. What did the researcher find?
- unidentifiable children who were alone took more candy than identifiable children who were alone
- unidentifiable children who were in a group took more candy than identifiable children who were in a group
when people are less self-aware, de-individuation _____.
increases
when group members freely combine their creative ideas and varied insights, the result is not groupthink, but group ________
problem-solving
the tendency for people to exert less effort when they collaborate on a task than they would have if they had worked alone is called ______.
social loafing
_______ leaders focus on getting to know their subordinates and listening carefully.
transactional
________ and _______ often lead groups to overestimate their “might and right”
illusion of invulnerability and unquestioned belief in the group’s morality
according to evaluation apprehension, the enhancement of dominant responses is strongest when people think they are being _______.
evaluated
what did researchers find when their confederate driver who was stopped at a red light and waited for 12 seconds whenever she was followed by a convertible or 4x4 vehicle?
that drivers in vehicles with their top up honked more than drivers in vehicles with their top down
______ occurs when we wonder how co-actors are doing or how an audience is reaction, creating cognitive overload
distraction
over time, differences among groups increases. This is known as the __________ phenomenon.
accentuation phenomenon
which of the following hypes individuals up and reduces self-consciousness, often leading to de-individuation
- chanting
- clapping
- dancing
_____ occurs when a group enhances the members’ preexisting tendencies.
group polarization
research shows that most people read blogs on the internet that reinforce our views rather than challenge them. These blogs are usually linked to other like-minded blogs which reinforces and demonstrates group _____.
polarization
rationalization, conformity pressure and and illusion of invulnerability are all symptoms of ______.
groupthink.
true or false?
group situations such as rope pulling and shouting increase evaluation apprehension.
false.
group situations like these decrease evaluation apprehension. In the social loafing experiments, individuals believe they are evaluated only when they act alone
______ occurs when he cohesiveness of the group overrides realistic assessment of alternative ideas
groupthink
of the surviving theories that describe group polarization, the one that deals with the arguments presented during a discussion is called _______ influence
informational influence
______, ______, and ________ are factors in our increased arousal by the presence of others
distractions, mere presence and evaluation apprehension
_____ leaders usually remain with the majority and spend their influence prudently
smart
______ is the loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension that occurs in group situations that fosters responsiveness to group norms.
De-individuation
______ leadership when enabled by a leader’s vision and inspiration, exerts significant influence
transformational
minority opinion influence the majority with ______, _____ and _________.
consistency, self-confidence and defections from the majority
______ is when a person’s behaviour can be impacted by a passive observer
mere presence
The anonymity offered by chat rooms, newsgroups, and listservs fosters ______ levels of hostile behaviour than face to face conversations
high
_______ are people who benefit from the group, but give little in return.
free riders
social ______ refers to the idea that performance increases on mastered tasks and decreases on unmastered tasks
facilitation
______ refers to the process by which individuals mobilize and guide groups
leadership
according to the informational influence theory, _____ in discussion produces more attitude change than ______.
active participation
passive listening
self-censorship, illusion of unanimity, and stereotyped views of the opponent are all _____ symptoms
groupthink
_____ influence is the influence resulting in the desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.
normative
being in a crowd _____ positive or negative reactions
intensifies
_____ leadership organizes work, sets standards and focuses on goals, whereas _____ leadership builds teamwork, mediated conflict, and offers support.
task leadership
social leadership
_________ is defined as a false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling or how they are responding
pluralistic ignorance
de-individuation occurs when _____ and _____ combine and normal inhibitions diminish.
diffused responsibility and arousal
When you attend a play, you find yourself applauding when others do even if you did not approve of the performance. If you clapped to avoid the disapproval of the other audience members, it would be because of _______.
normative influence
A star basketball player performs better when more people are watching her play. This is an example of _______.
social facilitation
independents tend to have more liberal political attitudes compared to fraternity and sorority members. This difference grows with time in university, demonstrating the ________ phenomenon
accentuation
consistency and ______ allow a minority opinion to influence the majority opinion
self-confidence
which of the following people on the Titanic are an example of a “mind-guard”?
the telegraph operator on the ship
when the task is appealing, involving and challenging, people in groups will _____ less
loaf
google, weather forecasting and game shows are all examples of the ____ of groups in everyday life.
wisdom
while deliberating in a group, group ______ describe a group members’ tendency to move their opinions toward a more extreme point.
polarization
______ creates a conflict between paying attention to others and paying attention to the task, causing arousal.
distraction
What human needs to groups often help individuals meet?
- the need to affiliate
- the need to achieve
- the need to gain social identity
of group polarization theories, the theory that deals with complying in order to fit in is called ______ influence
normative
when people see others in their group as unreliable or unable to contribute much, they work _____.
harder
large anonymous groups _____ the probability of de-individuation
increase
______ and _____ influence when people lose their sense of self and are more likely to become de-individualized
group size and physical anonymity
a leader who may deviate too radically from the group’s standards could be _____
rejected
_______ and ______ are both examples of collective influence
social loafing and social facilitation
________ influence results from an individual beleivng that another member of the group has more accurate information then they do.
informational
