chapter 7 Flashcards
Group dynamic expert Marvin Shaw argued that all groups have one thing in common: ___________.
Their members interact
a ____ refers to two or more people who, for longer than a few moments, interact and influence one another and perceive one another as “us.”
group
“_______” means that the people are not competing, do not reawrd or punish, and in fact do nothing except be present as a passive audience or as ______.
“mere presence”
co-actors
_______ are a group of people working simultaneously and individually on a noncompetitive task
co-actors
children told to wind string on a fishing reel as rapidly as possible wound _______ when they worked with co-actors than when they worked alone.
faster
originally, _______ referred to the tendency of people to preform simple tasks or well-learned tasks better when other are present
now, this refers to the strengthening of dominant (prevalent, likely) responses owing to the presence of others
social facilitation
_____ enhances whatever response tendency is dominant
arousal
increased ______ enhances performance on easy tasks for which the most likely “dominant” response is correct
arousal
note: people solve easy anagrams, such as akec, fastest when they are anxious
social arousal _______ dominant responses, whether right or wrong
facilitates
stutterers tend to stutter ____ in front of larger audiences than when speaking to just one or two people.
more
concern for how others are evaluating us is called _______.
evaluation apprehension
Robert Baron and Danny Moore (1986) theorized that when people wonder how co-actors are doing or how an audience is reacting, _________.
they get distracted
a good theory is ______: it simplifies and summarizes a variety of observations
scientific shorthand
a good theory also offers clear ______ that (1) help ____ or _____ the theory. (2) guide new exploration, and (3) suggest ______.
predictions
confirm or modify
practical application
groups loaf _____ when their members are friends or are identified with indispensable to their group
less
Researchers observed children trick-or-treating. Some children were alone and some were in groups. Some were identifiable while others were anonymous. The experimenter invited the children to take one candy and then the experimenter left the room. What did the researcher find?
- unidentifiable children who were alone took more candy than identifiable children who were alone
- unidentifiable children who were in a group took more candy than identifiable children who were in a group
when people are less self-aware, de-individuation _____.
increases
when group members freely combine their creative ideas and varied insights, the result is not groupthink, but group ________
problem-solving
the tendency for people to exert less effort when they collaborate on a task than they would have if they had worked alone is called ______.
social loafing
_______ leaders focus on getting to know their subordinates and listening carefully.
transactional
________ and _______ often lead groups to overestimate their “might and right”
illusion of invulnerability and unquestioned belief in the group’s morality
according to evaluation apprehension, the enhancement of dominant responses is strongest when people think they are being _______.
evaluated
what did researchers find when their confederate driver who was stopped at a red light and waited for 12 seconds whenever she was followed by a convertible or 4x4 vehicle?
that drivers in vehicles with their top up honked more than drivers in vehicles with their top down
______ occurs when we wonder how co-actors are doing or how an audience is reaction, creating cognitive overload
distraction
over time, differences among groups increases. This is known as the __________ phenomenon.
accentuation phenomenon
which of the following hypes individuals up and reduces self-consciousness, often leading to de-individuation
- chanting
- clapping
- dancing
