chapter 2 Flashcards
Melody gets anxious when she is out in public because she fears of being ridiculed for her appearance, what might Melody be experience?
The Spotlight Effect
- the belief that others are paying more attention to our appearance than they actually
Anjelena is upset that her best friend forgot her birthday, but avoids displaying her emotions. However, she feels like her best friend is noticing she her sadness, even though she hasn’t said anything either. What is Anjelena experiencing?
Illusion of transparency
- the illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and are easily read by others
which 4 component make up the self?
- self concept: who am I?
- self esteem: my sense of self-worth
- self knowledge: How can I explain and predict myself?
- social self: my social role/identity (ex: daughter, student, friend)
what are self-schemas?
beliefs about the self that organize and guide the process ing of self-relevant information
what are schemas?
mental templates by which we organize our worlds
Alexis is an athlete and tends to notice others’ bodies and skills. She is also able to quickly recall sports-related experiences. What does this mean for Alexis?
that athletics is central to her self-concept
true or false?
the self-schemas that makeup our self-concepts help us organize and retrieve our experiences
true
Becky is unsure if she is smart enough, so she starts comparing her grades to the rest of her class. What is becky Demonstrating?
social comparison
what is the looking-glass self?
how sociologist Charles H. Cooley described our use of how we think others perceive us as a mirror for perceiving ourselves.
t or f?
people generally feel freer to criticize than to praise
false
- people actually feel freer to praise than to criticize; they voice their compliments and restrain their insults
t or f?
people tend to see themselves as more physically attractive than they actually are
true
Define individualism.
the concept of giving priority to one’s goals over group goals and defining one’s identity of personal attributes rather than group identifications.
- more common in western cultures
what is the independent self?
construing one’s identity as an autonomous self
define collectivism.
giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly
- more common in asian, african, and central and south american cultures
what is the interdependent self?
construing one’s identity in relation to others
true or false?
Parents are more likely to give their children common names, to avoid school bullying.
false.
Parents are now less likely to give their children common names and more likely to help them stand out with an unusual name
when asked about language, which culture of students explained that it allows self-expression?
the American Students
- Korean students focused on how language allows communication with others
true or false?
American students are more likely to see their choices as expressions of themselves and to evaluate their choices more favourably
true.
true or false?
for american students, happiness comes with positive social engagement - with feeling close, friendly and respectful.
False.
This is actually said about Japanese students.
- for American students, happiness more often comes with disengaged emotions - feeling effective, superior, and proud
true or false?
Conflict in collectivist cultures often takes place between groups
true
- individualist cultures breed more conflict (and crime and divorce) between individuals
true or false?
Korean advertisements tend to feature people together.
true
- they seldom highlight personal choice or freedom.
what is a Planning Fallacy?
The tendency to underestimate how long it will take to complete a task
what do studies of “affective forecasting” reveal?
That people have the greatest difficulty predicting the intensity and duration of their future emotions
what is an impact bias?
overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events.
true or false?
We are most prone to impact bias after positive emotions
false.
We are especially prone to impact bias after negative events
what are dual attitudes?
differing implicit (automatic) and explicit (consciously controlled) attitudes towards the same object - verbalized explicit attitudes may change with education and persuasion; implicit attitude change slowly, with practice that forms new habits
true or false?
our automatic, implicit attitudes regarding someone or something are often similar to our consciously controlled, explicit attitudes.
false.
our automatic, implicit attitudes regarding someone or something often differ from our consciously controlled, explicit attitudes.
define self esteem
A persons overall self evaluation or sense of self worth
what should you do if you want to encourage someone?
praise specifically (ex:”you’re great at math!) instead of general (ex:”you’re great!)
what does Mark Leary believe?
that our self-esteem feelings are similar to a fuel gauge
what have studies confirmed about social rejection?
that it lowers our self-esteem and makes us more eager for approval
what additional problems may people with low self-esteem experience in life?
they make less money, abuse drugs, and are more likely to be depressed
when does high self-esteem become a problem?
when it crosses over into narcissism or having an inflated sense of self
true or false
those who are narcissistic are more aggressive than those with high self-esteem
false.
both tend to get aggressive
- however, narcissists are especially likely to lash out if the insult is delivered publicly
define self-efficacy
a sense that one is competent and effective, distinguished from self-esteem, which is one’s sense of self-worth.
- a sharpshooter in the military may feel high self-efficacy and low self-esteem
what did the results of 241 studies on self efficacy reveal?
that self efficacy is one of the strongest predictors of students’ GPAs in college
competence + persistence = ?
accomplishment
- and with accomplishment, self-confidence grows
what is a self-serving bias?
the tendency to perceive yourself favourably
what do we attribute our success and failures to
we attribute our successes to our own ability and effort, but our failures to external factors (ex: bad luck)
- this is a self-serving attributions
what are self-serving attributions?
A form of self-serving bias; the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to yourself and negative outcomes to other factors
define defensive pessimism
the adaptive value of anticipating problems and harnessing one’s anxiety to motive effective action
what is the false consensus effect?
the tendency to overestimate commonality of one’s opinions and one’s undesirable or unsuccessful behaviours
what is a false uniqueness effect?
the tendency to underestimate the commonality of one’s abilities and or one’s desirable or successful behaviour
what are temporal comparisons?
comparisons between how the self is viewed now and how the self was viewed in the past or how the self is expected to be viewed in the future
what is an example of unrealistic optimisim
even though 50% of marriages fail, I know mine will be enduring joy
what is an example of false consensus and uniqueness?
I know most people agree with me that global warming threatens our future
define self-handicapping
protecting one’s self image with behaviours which create a handy excuse for later failure
what is self-presentation?
the act of expressing yourself and behaving in ways that are designed to create a favourable impression or an impression that corresponds to your ideals
define self-monitoring
being attuned to the way you present yourself in social situations and adjusting your performance to create the desired impression
what is learned helplessness?
the hopelessness or resignation learned when a human or animal perceives no control over repeated bad events
who contended that individualistic modern cultures indeed have “an excess of freedom,” causing decreased life satisfaction and increase rates of clinical depression?
Barry Schwartz
