chapter 4

Question 1

define a person’s attitude

Answer 1

a favourable or unfavourable evaluative reaction towards something or someone, exhibited in one’s beliefs, feelings, or intended behaviour.

Question 2

fill in the blanks:

student attitudes toward cheating bore ____ relation to the likelihood of them actually cheating

Answer 2

little/minimal

Question 3

what is the Implicit Association Test?

Answer 3

A computer driven assessment of implicit attitudes that uses reaction times to measure people’s automatic associations between attitude objects and evaluative words, where easier pairings (and faster responses) are taken to indicate stronger unconscious associations

Question 4

Fill in the blanks:

____ biases are persuasive.

Answer 4

Implicit

ex; 80% of people show more implicit negativity toward the elderly compared with the young

Question 5

Fill in the blank:
People differ in their ____ biases. Depending on their group memberships, their conscious attitudes, and the bias in their immediate environment, some people exhibit more ____ bias than others.

Answer 5

implicit, implicit

Question 6

Fill in the blank:

people are often unaware of their _____ biases.

Answer 6

implicit

Question 7

White people who show strong unconscious racial bias on the IAT also exhibit high _____ activation when viewing unfamiliar Black faces.

Answer 7

amygdala

Question 8

define the principle of aggregation.

Answer 8

The effects of an attitude on behaviour become more apparent when we look at a person’s aggregate or average behaviour rather than at isolated acts

Question 9

Attitudes towards “health fitness ______ predict specific exercise and dietary practices, but an individual’s attitude about the cost and benefits of joggings are a fairly _____ predictor of whether he or she jobs regularly.

Answer 9

poorly, strong

Question 10

what factors predict behaviour?

Answer 10

attitude toward the behaviour, subjective norms and perceived control lead to behaviour intention, and the behaviour intention leads to the behaviour

Question 11

fill in the blanks:

______ reaction is adaptive

Answer 11

automatic

Question 12

what happens when attitudes are forged by experience, not just by hearsay.

Answer 12

They are more accessible, more enduring, and more likely to guide actions

Question 13

how are university students whose attitudes are negative towards their school’s response to a housing shortage, likely to respond when given opportunities to act - to sign a petition, signature, join a committee or write a letter?

Answer 13

Those whose attitudes grew from direct experience are more likely to act

Question 14

What does the word “role” refer to from “role-playing”?

Answer 14

A set of norms that define how people in a given social position ought to behave

Question 15

What are norms?

Answer 15

Rules for accepted and expected behaviour that prescribe “proper” behaviour

Question 16

what are gender roles?

Answer 16

behaviour expectations (norms) for males and females

Question 17

fill in the blanks:

Tory Higgins and his colleagues illustrated how ______ becomes believing

Answer 17

saying
- we are pone to adjust our messages to our listening and, having said positive things, then likes the person more themselves

Question 18

what is the foot-in-the-door phenomenon?

Answer 18

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a smaller request to comply later with a larger request.

Question 19

what is the low-ball technique?

Answer 19

A tactic for getting people to agree to something. People who agree to an initial request will often still comply when the requester ups the ante. People who receive only the costly request are less likely to comply with it

Question 20

what is the door-in-the-fcae technique?

Answer 20

A strategy for gaining a concession. After someone first turns down a large request (door-in-the-face), the same requester counter offers with a more reasonable request

Question 21

fill in the blanks:

___ and ____ feed each other, sometimes to the point of moral numbness

Answer 21

actions ad attitudes

Question 22

fill in the blanks:

experiments demonstrate that _____ behaviour toward someone fosters ____ for that person

Answer 22

positive, liking

Question 23

which three possible sources do social psychology’s detectives suspect for why action affects attitude?

Answer 23

1) self presentation theory: assumes that we express attitudes that make us appear consistent
2) cognitive dissonance theory: assumes that to reduce discomfort, we justify our actions to ourselves
3) self-perception theory: assumes that our actions are self-revealing

Question 24

what is the cognitive dissonance theory?

Answer 24

tension that arises when we are simultaneously aware of two inconsistent cognitions. For example, dissonance may occur when we realize that we have, with little justification, acted contrary to our attitudes or made a decision favouring one alternative despite reasons favouring another.

Question 25

People are especially keen on reading information that supports which of their views?

Answer 25

Their political, religious, and ethical views

Question 26

Fill in the blanks;

Dissonance theory pertains mostly to discrepancies between ______ and ______.

Answer 26

behaviour and attitudes.

Question 27

what is insufficient justification?

Answer 27

The reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one’s behaviour when external justification is insufficient

Question 28

fill in the blanks:
Having insufficient justification for their action, they would experience more _______ and thus be more ________ to believe in what they had done.

Answer 28

discomfort (dissonance), motivated

Question 29

fill in the blanks:
______ _______ theory focuses on what induces a desired action rather than on the relative effectiveness of rewards and punishments administered after the act

Answer 29

cognitive dissonance theory

Question 30

fill in the blanks:

emphasis on perceived choice and responsibility implies that ____ produce dissonance.

Answer 30

decisions

Question 31

when it comes to decision making, how are cultures likely to differ?

Answer 31

Americans are more likely to justify their choices, Japanese are more likely to justify choices they made for their friends but not for themselves
- these studies suggest that culture can shape the experience of cognitive dissonance

Question 32

what is the self-perception theory?

Answer 32

the theory that when unsure of our attitudes, we infer them as much as would someone observing us - by looking at our own behaviour and the circumstances under which it occurs

Question 33

what is the over-justification effect?

Answer 33

The result of bribing people to do what they already like doing, they may then see their action as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing

Question 34

what does the self-perception theory assume about tension?

Answer 34

when our attitudes are weak to begin with, we will use our behaviour and its circumstances as a clue to those attitudes

Question 35

what is the self-affirmation theory?

Answer 35

A theory that people often experience self-image threat after engaging in undesirable behaviour, and they compensate for this threat by affirming another aspect of the self. Threaten people’s self-concept in one domain, and they will compensate by either refocusing or by doing good deeds in some other domain

Question 36

According to dissonance theory, what happens when we act contrary to clearly defined attitudes?

Answer 36

We feel tension, so we adjust out attitudes to reduce it

- dissonance theory, then, explains attitude change