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Psych 231 > chapter 3 > Flashcards

chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Daniel Kahneman notes that we have have two brain systems. What are the two systems?

A

System 1: The intuitive, automatic, unconscious, and fast way of thinking

  • functions out of our awareness (“gut feeling” or “intuition”)
  • influences more of our actions than we realize

System 2: the deliberate, controlled, and slower way of thinking
- requires our conscious attention and effort

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2
Q

Activating particular associations in memory is referred to as what?

A

Priming

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3
Q

what significance have experiments revealed about priming?

A

priming one thought, even without awareness, can influence another thought or even an action

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4
Q

What is our embodied cognition?

A

The mutual influence of bodily sensations on cognitive preferences and social judgements

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5
Q

After receiving a cold shoulder treatment, people judge the room as colder than after being treated warmly. After holding a cold ice pack, people feel lonelier than those who hold the same pack warmed to 98 degrees. Why is this?

A

because Social exclusion literally feels cold, and cold feels like social exclusion

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6
Q

what do advocates of “intuitive management” believe?

A

they believe we should tun into our hunches and use system 1.

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7
Q

According to advocates of “intuitive management” what should we do when judging others? What should we do when hiring, firing and investing?

A
  • we should plug into the nonlogical smarts of our “right brain” (use SYSTEM 1)
  • we should listen to our premonitions (use SYSTEM 2)
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8
Q

what does priming research hint?

A

Priming research hints that the unconscious indeed controls much of our behaviour

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9
Q

what processes is our thinking based on?

A

automatic processing

controlled processing

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10
Q

what is automatic processing?

A

“implicit” thinking, that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness; roughly corresponds to “intuition”.
also known as system 1

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11
Q

what is controlled processing?

A

“explicit’ thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious.
also known as system 2

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12
Q

how soon do emotional reactions happens?

A

often nearly instantaneous, before there is time for deliberate thinking

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13
Q

fill in the blanks:
one neural shortcut takes information from the eye or ear to the brain’s sensory switchboard, the ____, and out to its emotional control centre, the _____, before the _____ has had any chance to intervene.

A

1) Thalamus
2) Amygdala
3) Thinking Cortex

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14
Q

As perception researchers study visual illusions for what they reveal about our normal perceptual mechanisms, what do social psychologists study?

A

Social psychologists study illusory thinking for what it reveals about normal information processing
- they want to give us a map of everyday social thinking, with the hazards clearly marked

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15
Q

as we interpret our experiences and construct memories, our ____ __ ____ are sometimes wrong because we are usually unaware of our errors.

A

System 1 Intuitions

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16
Q

what is the overconfidence phenomenon?

A

The tendency to be more confident than correct.

- to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs

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17
Q

Fill in the blanks:

Ironically _____ feeds overconfidence.

A

imcompetence

- “ignorance of one’s imcompetence” occurs mostly on relatively easy-seeming tasks

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18
Q

A tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions is referred to as what?

A

confirmation bias

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19
Q

Fill in the blanks:
Confirmation bias appears to be a _____ __ ___ _____, where our default reaction is to look for information consistent with our presuppositions

Stopping and thinking a little, calling up ____ __, makes us less likely to commit this error

A

System 1 snap judgment

System 2

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20
Q

which three techniques have successfully reduced the overconfidence bias?

A

1) prompt feedback
2)
3)

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21
Q

what are Heuristics?

A

A thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgements

22
Q

define representative heuristics.

A

the tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling (representing) a typical member.

23
Q

fill in the blanks:

If examples are readily available in our memory, then we presume that the event is _______.

A

commonplace

24
Q

what is the availability heuristic?

A

a cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in term of their availability in memory.

25
Q

what is counterfactual thinking?

A

Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn’t

26
Q

define illusory correlation

A

A perception of a relationship where none exists or a perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists

27
Q

What will people do when experiencing a lack of control?

A

People like feeling in control and so, when experiencing a lack of control, they will act to create a sense of predictability.

28
Q

what is regression toward the average?

A

The statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behaviour to return toward the person’s average

29
Q

Fill in the blank:

Our ____ infuse our judgements.

A

moods

30
Q

what is the bright side to sadness?

A

a depressed mood motivates intense thinking - a search for information that makes one’s environment more memorable, understandable, and controllable.

31
Q

What is belief perserverance?

A

persistence of your initial conceptions, as when the basis for your belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives.

32
Q

what has psychological research proved to be true about memories?

A

Many memories are not copies of experiences that remain on deposit in a memory bank, rather, we construct memories at the time of withdrawal.

33
Q

what is a misinformation effect?

A

incorporating misinformation into one’s memory of an event, after witnessing an event, and then receiving misleading information about it.

34
Q

fill in the blank:
The worse your current view of your partner is, the worse your _____ are, which only further confirms your _____ attitudes

A

memories, negative

35
Q

what is misattribution?

A

mistakenly attributing a behaviour to the wrong cause

36
Q

what is the attribution theory?

A

the theory of how people explain the behaviour of others - for example, by attributing it to either internal dispositions, or,

37
Q

what is a dispositional attribution?

A

attributing behaviour to the person’s dispositions and traits.

38
Q

what is a situational attribution

A

attributing behaviour to the environment.

39
Q

what is spontaneous trait inference?

A

an effortless, automatic inference of a trait after exposure to someone’s behaviour.

40
Q

what is the fundamental attribution error?

A

The tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences on others’ behaviour.
- also called the correspondence bias because we so often see behaviour as corresponding to a disposition.

41
Q

when our action feels intentional and admirable, what do we attribute it to?

A

our own good reasons, not to the situation.

42
Q

A week after hearing someone argue a position that he or she did not choose, people were more likely to credit what?

A

the situation

43
Q

fill in the blanks:

people in eastern asian cultures are somewhat more sensitive to the importance of what?

A

situations

44
Q

fill in the blanks: passage of time ____ the tendency toward the fundamental attribution error

A

decreases

45
Q

illusory thinking is often a by-product of our mind’s strategies for _______ complex information.

A

simplifying

46
Q

why might we focus on the fundamental attribution error?

A
  • our capacity for illusion and self-deception
  • humanitarian
  • we are mostly unaware of them and can benefit from greater awareness
47
Q

what is a self-fulfilling prophecy?

A

beliefs that led to their own fulfilment

48
Q

when someone loves and admires us, what does this help us with?

A

becoming more the person he or she imagines us to be

49
Q

what is behavioural confirmation?

A

A type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people’s social expectations lead them to act in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations

50
Q

what effects do cognitive biases have when we are making judgements??

A

even small biases can have profound social effects when we are making important social judgements?

Psych 231 (17 decks)

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