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Bio 111 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is cellular respiration?

A

a series of oxidation reduction reactions

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2
Q

what is needed to move electrons from one molecule to the next?

A

electron transporters

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3
Q

is NAD+ oxidized or reduced and why?

A

oxidized, it lost an electron

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4
Q

is NADH oxidized or reduced and why?

A

reduced, it gained an electron

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5
Q

what is the energy currency of the cell and the ultimate goal of cellular respiration?

A

ATP

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6
Q

what do you get by oxidizing glucose?

A

ATP

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7
Q

what are the 4 major steps of cellular respiration?

A

glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, krebs cycle, electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

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8
Q

where do MOST cellular respiration reactions take place in eukaryotes?

A

mitochondria

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9
Q

do any cellular respiration reactions take place in the mitochondria in prokaryotes? why or why not?

A

no, they don’t have membrane-bound organelles, which is what mitochondria is

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10
Q

who makes more ATP from one molecule of glucose?

A

eukaryotes

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11
Q

what is the highly folded inner membrane of mitochondria called?

A

cristae

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12
Q

why are the folds of cristae important?

A

lots of surface area for enzymatic reactions

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13
Q

what is the gel in between the cristae of the mitochondria?

A

the matrix

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14
Q

what does the matrix house?

A

reactants

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15
Q

what is the outermost layer of the mitochondria called?

A

outer membrane

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16
Q

what is the space between the cristae and the outer membrane of the mitochondria called?

A

intermembrane space

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17
Q

where does glycolysis take place?

A

cytoplasm

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18
Q

how many reactions are in glycolysis from start to finish?

A

10

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19
Q

what are the reactants for glycolysis?

A

glucose (1), ATP (2), NAD+ (2), ADP (2)

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20
Q

what are the produtcs of glycolysis?

A

pyruvate (2), H20 (2), NADH (2), ATP (4)

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21
Q

are there any cofactors or coenzymes used in glycolysis?

A

no

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22
Q

how much ATP is made in glycolysis?

A

4 total, but only 2 net that the body can use, because it needs 2 ATP to start glycolysis

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23
Q

how is ATP made in glycolysis?

A

substrate level phosphorylation

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24
Q

where does pyruvate oxidation take place?

A

in the mitochondria’s inner membrane

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25
Q

what happens to all of the products and reactants starting with pyruvate oxidation and why?

A

everything happens twice because there are two pyruvate molecules going through the following reactions and steps

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26
Q

what are the reactants for both molecules of pyruvate for pyruvate oxidation?

A

pyruvate (2), CoA (2), NAD+ (2)

would be 1, 1, 1 for one molecule

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27
Q

what are the products for both molecules of pyruvate for pyruvate oxidation?

A 
Acetyl CoA (2), CO2 (2), NADH (2)
would be 1, 1, 1 for one molecule
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28
Q

are the any cofactors/coenzymes used in pyruvate oxidation?

A

yes, CoA, one molecule is used for each molecule of pyruvate

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29
Q

how much ATP is made during pyruvate oxidation?

A

none

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30
Q

how much net ATP is made after pyruvate oxidation?

A

2 molecules

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31
Q

how is ATP made during pyruvate oxidation?

A

it’s not

32
Q

how is the CO2 released during pyruvate oxidation?

A

as waste

33
Q

what is the third step of cellular respiration?

A

the Kreb’s cycle

34
Q

where does the krebs cycle take place?

A

in the mitochondrial matrix

35
Q

what are the reactants for both molecules of pyruvate in the krebs cycle?

A 
Acetyl CoA (2), oxaloacetate (2), NAD+ (6) FAD (2), ADP + P (2)
would be 1, 1, 3, 1,1  for one molecule
36
Q

what are the products for both molecules of pyruvate from the krebs cycle?

A

CoA (2), oxaloacetate (2), NADH (6), FAHD2 (2), ATP (2), CO2 (4)
would be 1, 1, 3, 1, 1 for one molecule

37
Q

are there any cofactors/coenzymes used in the krebs cycle?

A

yes CoA, one CoA is released from each molecule of Acetyl CoA

38
Q

how much ATP is made in the krebs cycle?

A

2 molecules

39
Q

how much net ATP is made by cellular respiration at the end of the krebs cycle?

A

4 molecules

40
Q

how is ATP made in the krebs cycle?

A

substrate level phosphorylation

41
Q

where does the electron transport chain (ETC) and chemiosmosis take place?

A

in the mitochondrial matrix and intermembrane space

42
Q

what are the reactants for the ETC and chemiosmosis?

A

NADH (10), FADH2 (2), OXYGEN, and H+ ions

43
Q

what are the products of the ETC and chemiosmosis?

A

ATP (30-38ish), H20

44
Q

are there any cofactors/coenzymes for the ETC ad chemiosmosis?

A

no

45
Q

how much ATP is made by the ETC and chemiosmosis?

A

approximately 30-38ish

46
Q

how is ATP made by the ETC and chemiosmosis?

A

chemiosmosis

47
Q

what makes up the ETC?

A

a series of enzymes and proteins

48
Q

what is the final electron acceptor?

A

oxygen

49
Q

what happens to the NADH molecules as electrons are bounced down the ETC?

A

they are oxidized to NAD+

50
Q

where do the H+ ions move in the ETC, and why is this important?

A

from the matrix to the intermembrance space, building up a concentration gradient inside the intermembrane space

51
Q

how it ATP synthase powered?

A

the concentration gradient of the buildup of H+ ions

52
Q

what does ATP synthase do?

A

rotates and twists, transferring enough energy to squeeze an ADP + P together to make ATP (chemiosmosis) and shoots that ATP out of the mitochondria

53
Q

what is needed to begin cellular respiration?

A

1 molecule of glucose and 2 molecules of ATP

54
Q

what is the overall chemical formula for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —–> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (30-38)

55
Q

where is CO2 exhaled as waste during cellular respiration?

A

pyruvate oxidation and krebs cycle

56
Q

what is anaerobic respiration?

A

happens in the absence of oxygen

57
Q

list the 2 main forms of anaerobic respiration?

A

lactic acid and alcohol fermentation

58
Q

what step of cellular respiration is anaerobic?

A

glycolysis

59
Q

what happens to pyruvate after glycolysis in lactic acid fermentation?

A

NADH is oxidized to NAD+ and produces lactate and no additional ATP

60
Q

what happens to pyruvate after glycolysis in alcohol fermentation?

A

pyruvate produces CO2 as waste to make acetaldehyde, which makes ethanol by oxidizing NADH to NAD+ and no more additional ATP is made

61
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

chemiosmosis

62
Q

where can some carbohydrates, amino acids, and glycerol enter cellular respiration?

A

glycolysis

63
Q

where can fatty acids and some amino acids enter cellular respiration?

A

pyruvate oxidation

64
Q

where can come amino acids enter cellular respiration?

A

Krebs cycle/citric acid cycle

65
Q

how is cellular respiration regulated?

A

negative feedback

66
Q

how does negative feedback regulate cellular respiration?

A

some of the products inhibit some of the enzymes required for cellular respiration

67
Q

what does ADP activate?

A

an enzyme for glycolysis

68
Q

why is it important that ADP activates an enzyme for glycolysis?

A

because if there is only ADP detected, and not ATP, glycolysis will start again to produce more ATP for the cell to use

69
Q

what does ATP inhibit?

A

an enzyme for glycolysis (phosphofructokinase)

70
Q

why is it important that ATP inhibits an enzyme for glycolysis?

A

if too much ATP (or an adequate amount) is detected, the cell does not have to waste energy to make more energy

71
Q

how many enzymes does NADH inhibit?

A

2

72
Q

define phosphorylation

A

the addition of the phosphate (P) to ADP

73
Q

define substrate level phosphorylation

A

when ATP is regenerated from ADP through the removal of a phosphate group from an intermediate reactant in the pathway, and the free energy of that reaction is used to add the phosphate to an available ADP molecule

74
Q

what is the first half of glycolysis called?

A

energy requiring steps

75
Q

what is the second half of glycolysis called?

A

energy releasing steps

76
Q

what is the only part of cellular respiration that uses atmospheric oxygen?

A

electron transport chain

Bio 111 (17 decks)

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