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Bio 111 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what sugar is in DNA and how many carbons is it?

A

deoxyribose, 5

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2
Q

what are the 4 nitrogenous bases?

A

adenine, guanine (purines) cytosine, thymine (pyrimidines)

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3
Q

where is the nitrogenous base attached in DNA?

A

to the 1’ carbon

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4
Q

where is the phosphate group attached in DNA?

A

5’ carbon

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5
Q

where is the free hydroxyl group attached in DNA?

A

to the 3’ carbon

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6
Q

how are monomers connected to eachother in DNA?

A

phosphodiester bonds

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7
Q

how are phosphodiester bonds formed?

A

between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the 3’ OH- groups of the next nucleotide

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8
Q

what orientation do chains of nucleotides have?

A

5’ to 3’

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9
Q

what are Chargaff’s rules?

A

amount of adenine = amount of thymine

amount of guanine = amount of cytosine

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10
Q

who proposed the double helix structure?

A

watson and crick

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11
Q

what does the double helix consist of?

A

2 sugar-phosphate backbones with nitrogenous bases toward the interior of the molecule

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12
Q

what kind of bonds do the complimentary bases form and why is this important?

A

hydrogen bonds; weak and easy to break for replication and transcription

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13
Q

how do the 2 strands of DNA run?

A

antiparallel to each other

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14
Q

why do the 2 strands of DNA wrap around each other?

A

single ring pyrimidine vs double ring purine

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15
Q

when does DNA replication occur?

A

S phase

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16
Q

what are the 3 possible mechanisms of DNA replication?

A
  1. conservative model
  2. semiconservative model
  3. dispersive model
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17
Q

how does the conservative model work?

A

parent DNA is just photocopied

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18
Q

how does the semiconservative model work?

A

replicate parent DNA to get 1 original and 1 new strand, is the actual way it works, each strand of DNA acts as a template for the synthesis of a new strand, which is complementary to the old strand

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19
Q

how does the dispersive model work?

A

mix and match for two completely new strands

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20
Q

what 3 things does DNA replication require?

A
  1. something to copy (DNA)
  2. something to do the copying (enzymes and proteins)
  3. building blocks to make the copy (nucleotide bases)
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21
Q

where are the things required for replication located? give eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

euk: nucleus
Pro: cytoplasm

22
Q

what are the 5 steps of DNA replication? (USSST)

A
  1. unwind helix
  2. separate and stabilize the strands
  3. start the synthesis (initiation)
  4. synthesize new strands (elongation)
  5. terminate the process (termination)
23
Q

what is needed when stabilizing the separated strands of DNA?

A

binding proteins bc DNA is like a spring and wants to stay coiled

24
Q

list the 7 proteins involved in replication

A
  1. helicase
  2. DNA gyrase
  3. binding protein
  4. primase
  5. DNA polymerase III
  6. DNA polymerase I
  7. DNA ligase
25
Q

what does helicase do?

A

unwinds helix (unzips ur genes)

26
Q

what does DNA gyrase do?

A

keeps helix from rewinding (no gyration :()

27
Q

what do binding proteins do?

A

stabilize templates

28
Q

what does primase do?

A

synthesizes RNA primers

29
Q

what does DNA polymerase III do?

A

DNA SYNTHESIS

30
Q

what does DNA polymerase I do?

A

erases primers, fills gaps, fixes poly III’s mistakes like a tired older sibling

31
Q

what does DNA ligase do?

A

joins DNA segments, repair

32
Q

what is the 3 part process of DNA replication?

A
  1. initiation- replication begins at an origin of replication, requires a PRIMER
  2. elongation- new strands of DNA are synthesized by DNA POLYMERASE III, nucleotides are added
  3. termination- replication is terminated differently in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
33
Q

how is DNA replication different in prokaryotes? (2)

A
  1. the DNA molecule is circular, so it’s easier

2. replication begins at one origin of replication and proceeds in both directions around the chromosome, so it’s faster

34
Q

what end of DNA does DNA polymerase III add nucleotides to ?

A

3’ end

3 and 3

35
Q

what is eukaryotic DNA replication and why?

A

semi-discontinuous bc the strands run antiparallel to each other, but pol III can only add nucleotides to the 3’ end of each strand, so each strand is put together differently

36
Q

when the DNA strands zip apart in eukaryotes, what forms?

A

a replication fork with a leading and algging strand

37
Q

which strand of the replication fork is synthesized continuously?

A

the leading strand, in the same direction as the fork

38
Q

which strand of the replicaiton for is synthesized discontinuously, and what does it create?

A

the lagging strand, creating Okazaki fragments

39
Q

what fixes the Okazaki fragments?

A

DNA ligase

40
Q

where are the enzymes for eukaryotic DNA replication contained?

A

within the replisome

41
Q

what 2 things does the replisome consist of?

A
  1. the primosome

2. 2 DNA polymerase III molecules

42
Q

what does the primosome consist of?

A

primase and helicase

43
Q

why must eukaryotic chromosomes be replicated from multiple points of replication?

A

their larger size and complex packaging

44
Q

what does the removal of the last primer on the lagging strand of the linear eukaryotic DNA leave?

A

a gap that will shorten the chromosome each time its replicated

45
Q

what is used to protect the ends of eukaryotic DNA?

A

telomeres

46
Q

what are telomeres?

A

repeated DNA sequence on the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes to protect the ends, not made by the replication complex, but produced by telomerase

47
Q

what are DNA damaging agents?

A

UV light
X rays
Chemicals
mutagens

48
Q

what do specific DNA repair mechanisms do?

A

target a particular type of DNA damage

49
Q

what do non-specific DNA repair mechanisms do, give an example

A

able to repair many different kinds of DNA damage

excision repair

50
Q

what is excision repair?

A

to correct damaged or mismatched nitrogenous bases

Bio 111 (17 decks)

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