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Bio 111 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the ultimate source of energy for all life on earth?

A

the sun

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2
Q

what are producers and what do they do?

A

plants, convert electromagnetic energy from the sun to chemical energy

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3
Q

who are consumers and what do they do?

A

animals, consume plants and convert chemical energy to ATP

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4
Q

what do decomposers do?

A

break down producers and consumers for their energy

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5
Q

is any chemical reaction 100% efficient?

A

no, some energy is always lost as heat

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6
Q

what are the two types of energy?

A

kinetic and potential

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7
Q

what is kinetic energy?

A

the process of doing work, using mode

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8
Q

what is potential energy?

A

the potential to do work, storage mode

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9
Q

what type of energy is represented by a waterfall?

A

kinetic

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10
Q

what type of energy is represented by a dam?

A

potential

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11
Q

what determines potential energy?

A

position

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12
Q

where in relation to the nucleus is there more potential energy?

A

farther away, valence electrons react in oxidation reduction reactions

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13
Q

where is potential energy stored?

A

in covalent bonds

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14
Q

how is potential energy transferred from one molecule to another?

A

through oxidation reduction reactions, by creating and breaking covalent bonds

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15
Q

what is the 1st law of thermodynamics?

A

energy can’t be created or destroyed, it just changes condition

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16
Q

what is an example of the 1st law of thermodynamics?

A

the sun’s energy is converted into glucose via photosynthesis

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17
Q

what is the 2nd law of thermodynamics?

A

entropy is ever increasing, the universe is becoming more disorganized

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18
Q

what is entropy and what is it in chemical equations?

A

disorganization, denoted by S in chemical equations

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19
Q

what is an example of entropy?

A

as water changes from solid to liquid, it energy is less organized

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20
Q

what is free energy, and what is it in chemical equations?

A

the energy available to do work, G

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21
Q

what is enthalpy; in chemical equations?

A

energy contained in a molecule’s chemical bonds, H

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22
Q

what is the equation for free energy?

A

Free energy = enthalpy - (entropy x abs. temp)

G = H - TS

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23
Q

what is an endergonic reaction?

A

when the products have more free energy, G, than the reactants,
energy input is required,
reaction is not spontaneous,
ΔG is positive

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24
Q

what is an exergonic reaction?

A

when the reactants have more free energy,
energy is released,
the reaction is spontaneous
ΔG is negative

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25
Q

what kind of reaction needs energy input?

A

endergonic

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26
Q

what kind of reaction releases energy?

A

exergonic

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27
Q

which reaction rate increases as energy is added?

A

endergonic

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28
Q

which reaction’s products don’t contain free energy but the reaction itself releases energy?

A

exergonic

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29
Q

what is activation energy?

A

the energy needed to start an endergonic reaction, and can sometimes be used in exergonic reactions as well

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30
Q

how does activation energy work?

A

by destabilizing existing bonds, and by putting strain between 2 monomers to encourage hydrolysis

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31
Q

how does activation energy work for exergonic reactions?

A

by bringing things closer together for dehydration synthesis

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32
Q

what do catalysts do?

A

speed up reactions by lowering activation energy

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33
Q

what are catalysts?

A

enzymes

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34
Q

what is the energy currency of cells?

A

ATP, adenosine triphosphate

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35
Q

where is the energy stored in ATP?

A

the bonds between the phosphate groups

36
Q

which phosphate bonds have the most potential energy in ATP?

A

the ones furthers away from the center, like the 2nd or 3rd phosphate groups

37
Q

what happens when the phosphate to phosphate bond is broken in ATP?

A

ADP + Pi + free energy is released

38
Q

where does the free energy comes from in ATP?

A

the covalent bonds between phosphate groups

39
Q

what is ADP?

A

adenosine diphosphate

40
Q

what is Pi

A

inorganic free phosphate group

41
Q

what combines to make ATP, what is a byproduct, and is what kind of reaction?

A

ADP + Pi + free energy = ATP + water, dehydration synthesis reaction

42
Q

what are enzymes?

A

biological catalysts

43
Q

what does a catalyst do?

A

speed up reactions by lowering activation energy

44
Q

what kind of molecule are most enzymes?

A

proteins

45
Q

how do enzymes work?

A

strain bonds or pull them closer together

46
Q

are all enzymes proteins?

A

no, some are made of RNA, involve RNA molecules, and are synthesized by RNA itself

47
Q

what is a ribozyme?

A

RNA with enzymatic abilities

48
Q

give an example of a ribozyme

A

ribosomes!

49
Q

what 3 environmental factors affect enzyme function?

A
  1. pH
  2. temperature
  3. salinity
    outside the enzyme’s functional range
50
Q

do all enzymes have the same optimal conditions?

A

no

51
Q

does cold denature an enzyme?

A

no, it just slows the reaction WAY down

52
Q

where is pepsin found?

A

in the stomach

53
Q

where is trypsin found?

A

small intestine

54
Q

do pepsin and trypsin have the same optimal conditions?

A

no

55
Q

what is a substrate?

A

the reactants, or material that an enzyme work with, and part of the reaction

56
Q

are enzymes used up in chemical reactions?

A

no, they are released after the reaction for reuse

57
Q

what is the enzyme’s active site?

A

the part of the enzyme that receives and holds the substrate

58
Q

what is induced fit?

A

the process of the substrate coming to the active site that triggers a SLIGHT conformational change in the enzyme so it can hold and work with the substrate

59
Q

what is the enzyme-substrate complex?

A

the closing of an enzyme around the substrate

60
Q

what do inhibitors do?

A

decrease enzyme activity

61
Q

what are the 2 types of inhibitors?

A
  1. competitive inhibitors

2. noncompetitive inhibitors

62
Q

how do competitive inhibitors work?

A

they block the active site, so they have to COMPETE with the substrate for access

63
Q

how do noncompetitive inhibitors work?

A

they change the enzyme’s shape so the active site is no longer available

64
Q

what are inhibitors?

A

molecules that binds to an enzyme, and cause it to be nonfunctional by changing its shape or blocking the active site

65
Q

why do enzymatic reactions level out on a chart?

A

you can only add so many enzymes until the substrates saturate

66
Q

why do noncompetitive inhibitors slow reactions more and quicker?

A

it does not have to compete for the active site, it just changes the enzyme’s shape to stop function

67
Q

what are allosteric enzymes?

A

enzymes that are active or inactive, and can be turned on or off

68
Q

what do allosteric inhibitors do?

A

turn of allosteric enzymes

69
Q

what do allosteric activators do?

A

turn on allosteric enzymes

70
Q

what is an allosteric site?

A

where the allosteric inhibitor or activator binds to the allosteric enzyme

71
Q

do all products come from one enzyme?

A

no, sometimes several enzymes are needed to complete a product

72
Q

what is the advantage of several enzymes being used to complete a product?

A
  1. product of one reaction directly delivered to next enzyme, product becomes substrate
  2. eliminates possibility of unwanted side reactions, enzymes are lined up
  3. all actions controlled as a unit, like dominos, in a regulatory pathway
73
Q

what is a biochemical pathway?

A

a series of reactions yielding a final product

74
Q

what is feedback inhibition?

A

the product of a biochemical pathway is used to inhibit the reaction/enzyme that made it

75
Q

what is the 1st product in a biochemical pathway called?

A

intermediate substrate A

76
Q

what is the 2nd product in a biochemical pathway called?

A

intermediate substrate B

77
Q

what is the final product of a biochemical pathway called?

A

end product

78
Q

what happens if the concentration of final product in a biochemical pathway is too high?

A

the final product become an allosteric inhibitor

79
Q

what happens if the concentration of final product in a biochemical pathway is too low?

A

the allosteric inhibitor disengages and the reaction begins again

80
Q

what is metabolism?

A

the sum of all chemical reactions inside the cell

81
Q

what is anabolism?

A

building reactions, require energy

82
Q

what is catabolism?

A

breaking down reactions, release energy, “catabolism cuts”

83
Q

give an example of an anabolic reaction

A

body BUILDers take anabolic steroids to BUILD massive muscles

84
Q

what two additional molecules may be needed for enzyme activity?

A

cofactors and coenzymes?

85
Q

what are cofactors?

A

usually metal ions, Mg2+, Fe2+

86
Q

what are coenzymes?

A

non-protein organic molecules, electron donors or acceptors, vitamin A and vitamin C —> antioxidants

87
Q

what is vitamin A’s role in nutrition?

A

it’s a fat-soluble vitamin that is necessary in ruminants for many functions including vision, bone growth, immunity, and maintenance of epithelial tissue

Bio 111 (17 decks)

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