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Bio 111 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a blastula?

A

a very early organism

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2
Q

in terms of mitosis, how do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ?

A

prokaryotes have no membrane-bound organelles, so no nucleus, and their DNA is in the cytoplasm so mitosis is easier than eukaryotes, who have to remove the nuclear membrane before division

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3
Q

list the 4 reasons why cells divide?

A
  1. to replace existing cells
  2. growth and development
  3. repair
  4. reproduction
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4
Q

how long do skin cells usually last before they are replaced by mitosis?

A

about 10 days

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5
Q

what is a zygote?

A

the union of sperm and egg nuclei

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6
Q

what is binary fission?

A

prokaryotic cell division

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7
Q

list the 5 steps of binary fission

A
  1. copy circular chromosomes
  2. 2 circular chromosomes in the nucleoid region
  3. cleavage furrow forms (like play dough)
  4. formation of the septum that divides the cell
  5. 2 separate cells, identical to each other`
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8
Q

what is inside the nucleoid region of bacteria?

A

a single, circular chromosome of DNA and associated proteins

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9
Q

what phase of the cell cycle does the cell spend most of its life in?

A

interphase

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10
Q

how much of a portion of a cell’s life is mitosis?

A

very little

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11
Q

what is cytokinesis?

A

the physical separation of 2 daughter cells

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12
Q

what are the 3 phases of interphase?

A
  1. G1
  2. DNA synthesis
  3. G2
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13
Q

what happens in G1 of interphase?

A

cellular growth and maintenance

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14
Q

what happens is the DNA synthesis, or S phase of interphase?

A

DNA replication

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15
Q

how long is the S phase of interphase?

A

very short

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16
Q

what is/what happens in G2 of interphase?

A

short growth phase, prep for division

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17
Q

list the 5 steps of the eukaryotic cell cycle

A
  1. G1
  2. S
  3. G2
  4. Mitosis
  5. Cytokinesis
    1-3 are interphase
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18
Q

since DNA is a large molecule, what is it partitioned into?

A

chromosomes!

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19
Q

what are chromosomes?

A

specific sequences of DNA, can be 10,000-200,000 nucleotides in length

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20
Q

what are genes? give an example

A

specific nucleotide sequences for a specific protein

ex. phosphofructokinase

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21
Q

what is chromatin?

A

loosely organized chromosomes, proteins, and RNA

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22
Q

what form is DNA in during G1 of interphase?

A

loosely organized chromatin that is hard to replicate and divide evenly

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23
Q

when do chromosomes begin to organize for more even replication and division?

A

late G1, just before S phase

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24
Q

what is a karyotype?

A

a picture of all homologous chromosome pairs of an individual

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25
Q

what does each member of a homologous pair do?

A

a specific trait

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26
Q

what is a homologue?

A

A chromosome that is similar in physical attributes and genetic information to another chromosome with which it pairs during meiosis

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27
Q

do members of a homologous pair have to be the same length?

A

no

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28
Q

where do members of homologous pairs come from?

A

parents; 1 maternal, 1 paternal

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29
Q

what genetically causes down syndrome?

A

3 chromosomes of pair #15 instead of just 2

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30
Q

what are sister chromatids?

A

each side of a replicated chromosome during S phase

31
Q

what are the 3 parts of interphase?

A
  1. G1
  2. S phase
  3. G2
32
Q

what is G1 of interphase?

A

primary growth/normal cell action, signals S phase

33
Q

what is the S phase of interphase?

A

DNA replication/synthesis

34
Q

what is G2 of interphase?

A

the final growth phase before mitosis

35
Q

list 3 things that attach sister chromatids to each other

A
  1. cohesin proteins, in the middle
  2. microtubules, for movement
  3. kinetochores, also for movement
36
Q

list the FIVE phases of mitosis

A
  1. prophase
  2. prometaphase
  3. metaphase
  4. anaphase
  5. telophase
37
Q

what 5 things happen in prophase?

A
  1. chromosomes condense and become visible
  2. chromosomes appear as 2 sister chromatids, held together at the CENTROMERE
  3. cytoskeleton is disassembled; spindle begins to form
  4. golgi and ER are dispersed
  5. nuclear envelope breaks down
38
Q

what is prophase?

A

the prep phase!

39
Q

what 3 things happen in prometaphase?

A
  1. chromosomes attach to microtubules at the kinetochores
  2. chromosomes positioned with kinetochores of sister chromatids attached to microtubules from opposite poles
  3. chromosomes move to equator of the cell
40
Q

what has happened to the nuclear membrane by prometaphase?

A

complete breakdown

41
Q

what is prometaphase, put simply?

A

attachment phase

42
Q

what 2 things happen in metaphase?

A
  1. all chromosomes are aligned at equator of the cell (metaphase plate)
  2. chromosomes are attached to opposite poles and are UNDER TENSION
43
Q

what is metaphase, simply?

A

in the middle phase

44
Q

what is the equator of the cell also called?

A

metaphase plate

45
Q

what 3 things happen in anaphase?

A
  1. the proteins holding the centromeres of sister chromatids are degraded, freeing individual chromosomes
  2. chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles (Anaphase A)
  3. spindle poles move apart (Anaphase B)
46
Q

what happens in anaphase A?

A

chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles

47
Q

what happens in anaphase B?

A

spindle poles move apart

48
Q

what is anaphase simply?

A

moving/pulling phase

49
Q

what 4 things happen in telophase?

A
  1. chromosomes are clustered at opposite poles and decondense back to chromatin
  2. nuclear envelopes reform around chromosomes
  3. golgi complex and ER reform
  4. cell begins to pinch off
50
Q

what is telophase simply?

A

getting back to normal phase

51
Q

what is cytokinesis?

A

pinching the mitosisified cell in half to make 2 new daughter cells

52
Q

what is the difficulty level of cytokinesis in animal cells and why?

A

easy, there is only the plasma membrane

53
Q

what is the difficulty level of cytokinesis in plant cells and why?

A

hard, a new cell wall must form before division

54
Q

what is cytokinesis like for fungi and some protists?

A

more steps than animal cells

55
Q

what is the pinching in of animal cells during cytokinesis called?

A

cleavage furrow

56
Q

how does cytokinesis work for plant cells that need to build a new cell wall before dividing?

A

vesicles with cellulose move to the middle and knit together to form the new cell wall

57
Q

what 3 checkpoints control the cell cycle?

A
  1. G1/S checkpoint
  2. G2/Mitosis checkpoint
  3. late metaphase (spindle) checkpoint
58
Q

what is the G1/S checkpoint?

A

in interphase, controlled by ligands

59
Q

what does the G2/Mitosis checkpoint check for?

A

all materials for mitosis? if so, proceed :)

60
Q

what does the late metaphase (spindle) checkpoint check for?

A

make sure chromatids are aligned before yanking them apart

61
Q

what happens if the cell is not prepared at a checkpoint?

A

the cell hits pause until everything is ready

62
Q

why are there checkpoints to control the cell cycle?

A

the cell doesn’t want to waste energy and resources if it’s not ready to divide

63
Q

what is a result of failure to control the cell cycle?

A

cancer

64
Q

what are the 2 kinds of genes that can disturb the cell cycle when they are mutated?

A
  1. tumor-suppressor genes (good)

2. proto-oncogenes (bad)

65
Q

what do tumor suppressor genes do?

A

activate cell cycle control

66
Q

what do proto-oncogenes do?

A

promote genetically based cancer

67
Q

what are the nongenetic factors that cause cancer?

A

mutagens

68
Q

what are mutagens?

A

chemicals, outside damage; like radiation (sun, x rays), sterilization gas for medical equipment, PCB’s

69
Q

how does DNA play a role in cancer?

A

if the DNA is damaged, it will tell cells to keep on dividing instead of stopping mitosis when need be

70
Q

what are the 2 types of cancer?

A

benign and malignant

71
Q

compare and contrast benign and malignant cancer

be ready for this to be an essay question

A

they are both tumor forming and use neovascularization, but benign tumors are encapsulated and self-contained in a membrane, and don’t spread to other tissues so they are not invasive, whereas malignant tumors are very invasive and spread far beyond the tumor site

72
Q

what is neovascularization?

A

forming new blood vessels to feed the tumor, malignant tumors use this to upregulate the body’s metabolism to favor growth of the tumor over growth of the body

73
Q

give an example of a benign tumor

A

fluffly the poodle’s 3 lb leg tumor

74
Q

give an example of a malignant tumor

A

Dr. RC’s husband’s squamous cell carcinoma

Bio 111 (17 decks)

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