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Bio 111 > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the central dogma of molecular biology?

A

DNA –> RNA —> protein

transcription, translation

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2
Q

what is transcription?

A

the flow of info from DNA to RNA

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3
Q

what is translation?

A

the flow of info from RNA to protein

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4
Q

how does DNA read amino acids?

A

in sets of 3 nucleotides for each amino acid

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5
Q

what is a codon?

A

3 nucleotides that specify a certain amino acid

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6
Q

what is a reading frame?

A

series of nucleotides that produce the right protein when read in sets of 3

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7
Q

what are proteins?

A

specific sequences of amino acids

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8
Q

who deciphered the genetic code and how many possible codons are there for the 20ish amino acids?

A

Nirenberg, 64 codons

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9
Q

can different codons represent the same amino acid?

A

yes

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10
Q

what are stop codons and which ones are they (3)?

A

UGA, UUA, UAG

terminate translation instead of coding for an amino acid

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11
Q

what is a start codon?

A

AUG, signifies the starting point of translation IF at the beginning of a sequence, if in the middle or end, it’s just Met

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12
Q

what is the remainder of the codons other than start and stop codons?

A

degenerate, where some amino acids are specified by more than one codon

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13
Q

what is the template DNA strand?

A

used to make RNA

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14
Q

what is the coding DNA strand?

A

complimentary to the template strand, not used to make RNA, but is same sequence as RNA but with T’s instead of U’s

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15
Q

what is RNA polymerase?

A

enzyme that synthesizes the primary RNA transcript using template DNA strand

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16
Q

list and describe the 3 steps of transcription

A
  1. initiation- RNA polymerase identifies a specific DNA sequence
  2. elongation- ribonucleotides are added to the 3’ end of the new RNA
  3. termination- RNa polymerase stops when it encounters a specific terminator DNA sequence
17
Q

where does transcription take place in eukaryotes? in prokaryotes?

A

euk: nucleus
pro: cytoplasm

18
Q

list and describe the 3 steps of translation?

A
  1. initation- mRNA, tRNA, and ribosome come together
  2. elongation- tRNAs bring amino acids to the ribosome to build the polypeptide
  3. termination- ribosome encounters a stop codon and releases polypeptide
19
Q

where does translation occur?

A

cytoplasm for both bc that’s where the ribosomes are

20
Q

list and describe the 3 types of RNA needed for gene expression

A
  1. mRNA- carries the info from DNA that encodes proteins
  2. rRNA- structural component of ribosome
  3. tRNA- carries amino acids to the ribosome for translation
21
Q

at what rate does the transcription bubble move down the DNA template during prokaryotic transcription?

A

50 nucleotides/sec

22
Q

what 3 things does the transcription bubble consist of?

all the things needed for transcription

A
  1. RNA polymerase
  2. DNA template
  3. growing RNA transcript
23
Q

when does transcription stop in prokaryotes?

A

when the transcription bubble encounter terminator sequences, often includes a series of A-T base pairs

24
Q

how is the primary transcript (initial RNA molecule) modified in eukaryotes? (2)

A
  1. additions of a 5’ cap and 3’ poly-A tail

2. removal of noncoding sequences (introns and exons)

25
Q

what are introns?

A

stay in nucleus

26
Q

what are exons?

A

will be translated

27
Q

what do tRNA’s do?

A

carry amino acids to the ribosome to build polypeptides

28
Q

what do aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases do?

A

add amino acids to the acceptor arm of tRNA

29
Q

what does the anticodon loop of tRNA have?

A

3 nucleotide sequences complementary to mRNA codons

30
Q

list and describe the 3 tRNA binding sites

A
  1. P site: binds the tRNA attached to the growing peptide chain
  2. A site: binds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid
  3. E site: binds the tRNA that carried to last amino acid to the chain
31
Q

how does translation read the mRNA?

A

5’ to 3’

32
Q

what are the 2 primary functions of the ribosome?

A
  1. decode the mRNA

2. form peptide bonds

33
Q

what does peptidyl transferase do?

A

forms peptide bonds between amino acids

34
Q

what stops translation?

A

the ribosome encounters a stop codon

35
Q

what recognizes stop codons in translation and what do they do?

A

release factors; release the polypeptide from the ribosome

36
Q

where can translation occur in eukaryotes?

A

RER or cytoplasmic ribosomes

Bio 111 (17 decks)

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