Chapter 3 Flashcards
1
Q
dehydration synthesis leads to the formation of ____?
A
polymers and water
2
Q
during the breakdown of polymers, what reaction takes place?
A
hydrolysis
3
Q
list three monosaccharides
A
glucose, fructose, galactose
4
Q
cellulose and starch are examples of ____?
A
polysaccharides
5
Q
plant cell walls contain an abundance of ____?
A
cellulose
6
Q
lactose is a disaccharide formed by the formation of a ____ bond between glucose and ____?
A
glycosidic; galactose
7
Q
phospholipids are important components of ____?
A
the plasma membrane of animal cells
8
Q
the monomers that make up proteins are called ___?
A
amino acids
9
Q
the alpha helix and the beta helix are part of which protein structure?
A
secondary
10
Q
a nucleotide of DNA may contain ___?
A
deoxyribose, thymine, and a phosphate group
11
Q
the building blocks of nucleic acids are
A
nucleotides
12
Q
organic molecules consist primarily of ____?
A
carbon bonded to carbon, or carbon bonded to other atoms with unpaired valence electrons
13
Q
how many covalent bonds can carbon form?
A
up to 4
14
Q
what are functional/side groups?
A
groups of atoms with specific properties that give macromolecules certain characteristics
15
Q
what is the most common functional group?
A
hydroxyl
16
Q
how are biological molecules built?
A
from smaller subunits, like legos
17
Q
what is a monomer?
A
one subunit of a biological molecule (lego block)
18
Q
what is a polymer?
A
multiple monomers together (lego house)
19
Q
what is the chemical reaction that builds polymers from monomers?
A
dehydration synthesis
20
Q
write the general formula for dehydration synthesis
A
1 monomer + 1 monomer = 1 polymer + H20
21
Q
how are polymers bound by dehydration synthesis?
A
by oxygen
22
Q
what is a byproduct of dehydration synthesis?
A
water
23
Q
what happens in hydrolysis?
A
polymers are broken down into monomers using a water molecule, yielding H+ and OH-
24
Q
what is the ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in carbohydrates?
A
1:2:1
25
what does the empirical formula of a molecule tell you?
the ratio of atoms in that molecule
26
what is the primary monomer used to build polymers by biological systems?
glucose
27
why is glucose a good energy storage molecule?
it stores energy in the bonds between its monomers
28
what is the empirical formula for glucose?
C6H12O6
29
what structure do the carbons in the monosaccharide glucose link to form?
a ring
30
what is a monosaccharide?
a single monomer, or building block of carbohydrates
31
name an isomer of glucose
fructose
32
what is an isomer?
molecules with the same empirical formula, but different atom positions that make it act different
33
name a stereoisomer of glucose
galactose
34
what is a stereoisomer?
molecules with the same empirical formula, but their hydroxyl groups flips to the other side, this structural difference makes them act different
35
what are disaccharides composed of?
two monomers
36
what are disaccharides used for?
sugar transport or energy storage
37
list two disaccharides
sucrose, lactose
38
what joins individual carbohydrate monomers to build disaccharide polymers?
glycosidic bonds
| look up a video on this
39
what are polysaccharides?
many monomers, linked through glycosidic bonds
40
what do polysaccharides do?
energy storage and structural support
41
what is the polysaccharide energy storage form in plants?
starch, in potato tubers, corn, rice
42
what is the polysaccharide energy storage form in animals?
glycogen, in muscles and liver
43
what is the polysaccharide structural support form in plants?
cellulose, in cell walls
44
what is the polysaccharide structural support form in animals?
chitin, in exoskeletons, arthropods, and in the cell walls of fungi
45
the more monomers the more ___?
energy
46
what is the exoskeleton of a lobster made of?
chitin
47
list the seven protein functions
1. enzyme catalysts
2. defense
3. transport
4. support
5. motion
6. regulation
7. storage
48
describe the enzyme catalyst function of proteins
proteins speed up reactions of conserve energy
49
describe the defense function of proteins
proteins make up keratin and bones, which help to defend our bodies and organs
50
describe the transport function of protein
there are transport proteins in our body, like hemoglobin, which transport oxygen and other life sustaining things
51
describe the support function of protein
proteins make up bones, and there are structural proteins in cells
52
describe the motion function of protein
2 major proteins cause muscle contraction
53
describe the regulation function of protein
hormones are proteins that help with homeostasis
54
describe the storage function of protein
proteins can also be used as energy storage molecules
55
what are the monomers of protein?
amino acids
56
how many amino acids are there?
20
57
how many amino acids are essential for life that we can't make ourselves?
10
58
what is the function group that determines an amino acid's characteristics called?
the R group
59
describe the structure of an amino acid
central carbon atom surrounded by groups
60
what groups surround the carbon atom in an amino acid?
amino group, side chain, carboxyl group
61
what dictates the chemical properties of amino acids?
the R group
62
what are the 5 classifications of amino acids?
1. nonpolar
2. polar
3. charged
4. aromatic
5. special function
63
what is it called when two amino acids join?
a dipeptide
64
what determines the function of a protein?
shape
65
what must be maintained for proteins to function?
structure
66
what is the primary structure of a protein?
the simplest structure, chains of amino acids linked by covalent peptide bonds
67
where is the primary structure found?
in smaller proteins
68
can a long chain of amino acids fit easily into a small cell?
no
69
how do cells fit long amino acid chains inside?
they fold them into secondary and tertiary structures
70
what is the secondary structure or a protein?
interaction of groups in the polypeptide backbone
71
what is the alpha helix?
one of the secondary structures of proteins, shaped like a coiled spring
72
what is the beta helix?
one of the secondary structures of proteins, pleated/folded like a sheet of paper
73
what is the tertiary structure of a protein?
protein folding (frotein!)
74
what aids protein folding in the tertiary structure?
chaperone proteins
75
what is the quarternary structure of a protein?
a big ole molecule with different regions of different complexity, 4 separate regions of protein globbed down to fit in the cell
76
what holds the shape of proteins?
CHEMICAL BONDS
77
list the kinds of chemical bonds that hold the shape of proteins?
hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, ionic bonds, van der Waals attraction, hydrophobic exclusion
78
what is the special type of covalent bond that links amino acids?
peptide bonds
79
what is denaturation?
when proteins lose their shape, and consequently, their function
80
what three things cause proteins to denature?
1. high heat
2. pH
3. salinity of environment
all outside of the protein's normal range
81
is denaturation always bad?
no, proteins have to be denatured by stomach acid for digestive enzymes to break apart amino acids and reuse
82
give a common visible example of protein denaturation
eggs turning white when cooked
83
are lipids soluble in water?
no
84
why are lipids insoluble in water?
their high proportion of nonpolar carbon-hydrogen bonds makes them hydrophobic
85
list the four main types of lipids
1. fats and oils
2. waxes
3. phospholipids
4. steroids
86
what do fats and oils do?
store energy in nonpolar covalent bonds, hold more energy than carbohydrates, they are insulators, provide organ protection and energy storage in adipose tissue, and provide cushioning
87
what do waxes do?
they provide structure
88
what is something cool that oils do for ducks?
they help them float and stay waterproof
89
what do steroids do?
they help regulate and maintain homeostasis
90
what are triglycerides composed of?
1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
91
what are fatty acids composed of?
long hydrocarbon chains
92
what are the two types of fatty acids?
saturated and unsaturated
93
what makes a fatty acid saturated?
at every available bonding location where carbon isn't bonded to carbon, it is bonded with hydrogens
94
what makes a fatty acid unsaturated?
some carbons are double-bonded, which means less space for hydrogens to bond to carbon, so there are fewer hydrogens
95
which fatty acid is solid at room temperature?
saturated fatty acids
96
what do the double bonds between carbons add to unsaturated fatty acids?
kinks in the hydrocarbon chain, which makes them not solid at room temperature
97
what are the two types of triglycerides?
animal fats and plant fats (oils)
98
which type of triglyceride is solid at room temperature?
animal fats, like bacon grease
99
which type of triglyceride is liquid at room temperature?
plant fats (oils) like avocado oil
100
what plant oil is solid at room temperature and why?
coconut oil, because it's a monounsaturated fat
101
why are saturated fats solid at room temperature?
they have no kinks in their hydrocarbon chain,so they can pack together closely
102
why are unsaturated fats liquid at room temperature?
the kinks from the double-bonded carbon gives space in the hydrocarbon chain, it can't lay flat together
103
what is the structure of polyunsaturated fats?
two or more carbon double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain
104
where are polyunsaturated fats found?
nuts, seeds, fish, algae, leafy greens, and krill
105
why are polyunsaturated fats good for you?
they have been shown to decrease the risk of heart attacks
106
what are trans fats?
artificially made unsaturated fats with trans-isomer fatty acid
107
are trans fats ever saturated?
no, but they can be monounsaturated or polyunsaturated
108
where do you find processing of polyunsaturated fatty acids?
food production
109
what health risk do trans fats increase?
coronary disease
110
do trans fats occur naturally?
yes, but only a few
111
how are trans fats manipulated and why?
chemically, to change structure
112
what does chemical hydrogenation do?
converts a pair of cis-isomers into trans-unsaturated fats instead of hydrogenating them completely
113
what's an easy way to say what partially hydrogenated means?
they forced as much hydrogen into a molecule as they could
114
give two examples of partially hydrogenated foods
margarine, old formula crisco
115
what are phospholipids composed of?
one polar head, two nonpolar saturated fatty acid tails
116
are phospolipids polar or nonpolar?
both
117
what makes phospholipids partially polar?
the added phosphate group's negative charge
118
what happens to phospholipids in water?
they organize into bilayers and micelles, with the polar heads facing towards the water, and the nonpolar tails facing away from the water
119
what is the basis of biological membranes?
phospholipid bilayers
120
what are the two nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
121
what is the function of nucleic acids?
storage, transmission, and use of genetic information, basis of heredity
122
what are the polymers of nucleic acids?
nucleotides
123
what are nucleotides composed of?
sugar + phosphate + nitrogenous base
124
what is the sugar is DNA?
deoxyribose
125
what is the sugar in RNA?
ribose
126
what are the two types of nitrogenous bases?
purines and pyrimidines
127
how many purines are there, and what are they?
2, adenine and guanine
128
how many pyrimidines are there, and what are they?
3, cytosine, thymine, and uracil (RNA only)
129
what structure do the purines form?
two-ring structure
130
what structure do they pyrimidines form?
one-ring structure
131
what bonds link DNA?
phosphodiester bonds
132
what is the structure of DNA?
double helix, strands are complimentary, purine matches with pyrimidine, vice versa
133
what is the complimentary pyrimidine to the purine adenine?
thymine
134
what is/are the complimentary pyrimidines to the purine guanine?
guanine in DNA and uracil in RNA
135
what bonds link the nitrogenous bases in DNA?
hydrogen bonds
136
what is the function of RNA?
it is the baker! it reads the DNA recipe, assembles amino acid ingredients fro ribosome oven to make protein bread
137
how does RNA differ from DNA?
its sugar is ribose, it contains uracil instead of guanine, it is single stranded, and usually pretty small, whereas DNA can be pretty big
138
list three extra nucleotides
ATP, NAD+, and FAD
139
what is the function of ATP?
primary energy currency of the cell
140
what is the function of NAD+ and FAD?
they are ELECTRON CARRIERS for many cellular reactions
141
how are the four biological macromolecules alike?
have an essay response
142
how are the four biological macromolecules different?
have an essay response
