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Bio 111 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

dehydration synthesis leads to the formation of ____?

A

polymers and water

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2
Q

during the breakdown of polymers, what reaction takes place?

A

hydrolysis

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3
Q

list three monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

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4
Q

cellulose and starch are examples of ____?

A

polysaccharides

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5
Q

plant cell walls contain an abundance of ____?

A

cellulose

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6
Q

lactose is a disaccharide formed by the formation of a ____ bond between glucose and ____?

A

glycosidic; galactose

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7
Q

phospholipids are important components of ____?

A

the plasma membrane of animal cells

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8
Q

the monomers that make up proteins are called ___?

A

amino acids

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9
Q

the alpha helix and the beta helix are part of which protein structure?

A

secondary

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10
Q

a nucleotide of DNA may contain ___?

A

deoxyribose, thymine, and a phosphate group

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11
Q

the building blocks of nucleic acids are

A

nucleotides

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12
Q

organic molecules consist primarily of ____?

A

carbon bonded to carbon, or carbon bonded to other atoms with unpaired valence electrons

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13
Q

how many covalent bonds can carbon form?

A

up to 4

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14
Q

what are functional/side groups?

A

groups of atoms with specific properties that give macromolecules certain characteristics

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15
Q

what is the most common functional group?

A

hydroxyl

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16
Q

how are biological molecules built?

A

from smaller subunits, like legos

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17
Q

what is a monomer?

A

one subunit of a biological molecule (lego block)

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18
Q

what is a polymer?

A

multiple monomers together (lego house)

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19
Q

what is the chemical reaction that builds polymers from monomers?

A

dehydration synthesis

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20
Q

write the general formula for dehydration synthesis

A

1 monomer + 1 monomer = 1 polymer + H20

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21
Q

how are polymers bound by dehydration synthesis?

A

by oxygen

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22
Q

what is a byproduct of dehydration synthesis?

A

water

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23
Q

what happens in hydrolysis?

A

polymers are broken down into monomers using a water molecule, yielding H+ and OH-

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24
Q

what is the ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in carbohydrates?

A

1:2:1

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25
Q

what does the empirical formula of a molecule tell you?

A

the ratio of atoms in that molecule

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26
Q

what is the primary monomer used to build polymers by biological systems?

A

glucose

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27
Q

why is glucose a good energy storage molecule?

A

it stores energy in the bonds between its monomers

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28
Q

what is the empirical formula for glucose?

A

C6H12O6

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29
Q

what structure do the carbons in the monosaccharide glucose link to form?

A

a ring

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30
Q

what is a monosaccharide?

A

a single monomer, or building block of carbohydrates

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31
Q

name an isomer of glucose

A

fructose

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32
Q

what is an isomer?

A

molecules with the same empirical formula, but different atom positions that make it act different

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33
Q

name a stereoisomer of glucose

A

galactose

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34
Q

what is a stereoisomer?

A

molecules with the same empirical formula, but their hydroxyl groups flips to the other side, this structural difference makes them act different

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35
Q

what are disaccharides composed of?

A

two monomers

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36
Q

what are disaccharides used for?

A

sugar transport or energy storage

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37
Q

list two disaccharides

A

sucrose, lactose

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38
Q

what joins individual carbohydrate monomers to build disaccharide polymers?

A

glycosidic bonds

look up a video on this

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39
Q

what are polysaccharides?

A

many monomers, linked through glycosidic bonds

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40
Q

what do polysaccharides do?

A

energy storage and structural support

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41
Q

what is the polysaccharide energy storage form in plants?

A

starch, in potato tubers, corn, rice

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42
Q

what is the polysaccharide energy storage form in animals?

A

glycogen, in muscles and liver

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43
Q

what is the polysaccharide structural support form in plants?

A

cellulose, in cell walls

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44
Q

what is the polysaccharide structural support form in animals?

A

chitin, in exoskeletons, arthropods, and in the cell walls of fungi

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45
Q

the more monomers the more ___?

A

energy

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46
Q

what is the exoskeleton of a lobster made of?

A

chitin

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47
Q

list the seven protein functions

A
  1. enzyme catalysts
  2. defense
  3. transport
  4. support
  5. motion
  6. regulation
  7. storage
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48
Q

describe the enzyme catalyst function of proteins

A

proteins speed up reactions of conserve energy

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49
Q

describe the defense function of proteins

A

proteins make up keratin and bones, which help to defend our bodies and organs

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50
Q

describe the transport function of protein

A

there are transport proteins in our body, like hemoglobin, which transport oxygen and other life sustaining things

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51
Q

describe the support function of protein

A

proteins make up bones, and there are structural proteins in cells

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52
Q

describe the motion function of protein

A

2 major proteins cause muscle contraction

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53
Q

describe the regulation function of protein

A

hormones are proteins that help with homeostasis

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54
Q

describe the storage function of protein

A

proteins can also be used as energy storage molecules

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55
Q

what are the monomers of protein?

A

amino acids

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56
Q

how many amino acids are there?

A

20

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57
Q

how many amino acids are essential for life that we can’t make ourselves?

A

10

58
Q

what is the function group that determines an amino acid’s characteristics called?

A

the R group

59
Q

describe the structure of an amino acid

A

central carbon atom surrounded by groups

60
Q

what groups surround the carbon atom in an amino acid?

A

amino group, side chain, carboxyl group

61
Q

what dictates the chemical properties of amino acids?

A

the R group

62
Q

what are the 5 classifications of amino acids?

A
  1. nonpolar
  2. polar
  3. charged
  4. aromatic
  5. special function
63
Q

what is it called when two amino acids join?

A

a dipeptide

64
Q

what determines the function of a protein?

A

shape

65
Q

what must be maintained for proteins to function?

A

structure

66
Q

what is the primary structure of a protein?

A

the simplest structure, chains of amino acids linked by covalent peptide bonds

67
Q

where is the primary structure found?

A

in smaller proteins

68
Q

can a long chain of amino acids fit easily into a small cell?

A

no

69
Q

how do cells fit long amino acid chains inside?

A

they fold them into secondary and tertiary structures

70
Q

what is the secondary structure or a protein?

A

interaction of groups in the polypeptide backbone

71
Q

what is the alpha helix?

A

one of the secondary structures of proteins, shaped like a coiled spring

72
Q

what is the beta helix?

A

one of the secondary structures of proteins, pleated/folded like a sheet of paper

73
Q

what is the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

protein folding (frotein!)

74
Q

what aids protein folding in the tertiary structure?

A

chaperone proteins

75
Q

what is the quarternary structure of a protein?

A

a big ole molecule with different regions of different complexity, 4 separate regions of protein globbed down to fit in the cell

76
Q

what holds the shape of proteins?

A

CHEMICAL BONDS

77
Q

list the kinds of chemical bonds that hold the shape of proteins?

A

hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, ionic bonds, van der Waals attraction, hydrophobic exclusion

78
Q

what is the special type of covalent bond that links amino acids?

A

peptide bonds

79
Q

what is denaturation?

A

when proteins lose their shape, and consequently, their function

80
Q

what three things cause proteins to denature?

A
  1. high heat
  2. pH
  3. salinity of environment
    all outside of the protein’s normal range
81
Q

is denaturation always bad?

A

no, proteins have to be denatured by stomach acid for digestive enzymes to break apart amino acids and reuse

82
Q

give a common visible example of protein denaturation

A

eggs turning white when cooked

83
Q

are lipids soluble in water?

A

no

84
Q

why are lipids insoluble in water?

A

their high proportion of nonpolar carbon-hydrogen bonds makes them hydrophobic

85
Q

list the four main types of lipids

A
  1. fats and oils
  2. waxes
  3. phospholipids
  4. steroids
86
Q

what do fats and oils do?

A

store energy in nonpolar covalent bonds, hold more energy than carbohydrates, they are insulators, provide organ protection and energy storage in adipose tissue, and provide cushioning

87
Q

what do waxes do?

A

they provide structure

88
Q

what is something cool that oils do for ducks?

A

they help them float and stay waterproof

89
Q

what do steroids do?

A

they help regulate and maintain homeostasis

90
Q

what are triglycerides composed of?

A

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

91
Q

what are fatty acids composed of?

A

long hydrocarbon chains

92
Q

what are the two types of fatty acids?

A

saturated and unsaturated

93
Q

what makes a fatty acid saturated?

A

at every available bonding location where carbon isn’t bonded to carbon, it is bonded with hydrogens

94
Q

what makes a fatty acid unsaturated?

A

some carbons are double-bonded, which means less space for hydrogens to bond to carbon, so there are fewer hydrogens

95
Q

which fatty acid is solid at room temperature?

A

saturated fatty acids

96
Q

what do the double bonds between carbons add to unsaturated fatty acids?

A

kinks in the hydrocarbon chain, which makes them not solid at room temperature

97
Q

what are the two types of triglycerides?

A

animal fats and plant fats (oils)

98
Q

which type of triglyceride is solid at room temperature?

A

animal fats, like bacon grease

99
Q

which type of triglyceride is liquid at room temperature?

A

plant fats (oils) like avocado oil

100
Q

what plant oil is solid at room temperature and why?

A

coconut oil, because it’s a monounsaturated fat

101
Q

why are saturated fats solid at room temperature?

A

they have no kinks in their hydrocarbon chain,so they can pack together closely

102
Q

why are unsaturated fats liquid at room temperature?

A

the kinks from the double-bonded carbon gives space in the hydrocarbon chain, it can’t lay flat together

103
Q

what is the structure of polyunsaturated fats?

A

two or more carbon double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain

104
Q

where are polyunsaturated fats found?

A

nuts, seeds, fish, algae, leafy greens, and krill

105
Q

why are polyunsaturated fats good for you?

A

they have been shown to decrease the risk of heart attacks

106
Q

what are trans fats?

A

artificially made unsaturated fats with trans-isomer fatty acid

107
Q

are trans fats ever saturated?

A

no, but they can be monounsaturated or polyunsaturated

108
Q

where do you find processing of polyunsaturated fatty acids?

A

food production

109
Q

what health risk do trans fats increase?

A

coronary disease

110
Q

do trans fats occur naturally?

A

yes, but only a few

111
Q

how are trans fats manipulated and why?

A

chemically, to change structure

112
Q

what does chemical hydrogenation do?

A

converts a pair of cis-isomers into trans-unsaturated fats instead of hydrogenating them completely

113
Q

what’s an easy way to say what partially hydrogenated means?

A

they forced as much hydrogen into a molecule as they could

114
Q

give two examples of partially hydrogenated foods

A

margarine, old formula crisco

115
Q

what are phospholipids composed of?

A

one polar head, two nonpolar saturated fatty acid tails

116
Q

are phospolipids polar or nonpolar?

A

both

117
Q

what makes phospholipids partially polar?

A

the added phosphate group’s negative charge

118
Q

what happens to phospholipids in water?

A

they organize into bilayers and micelles, with the polar heads facing towards the water, and the nonpolar tails facing away from the water

119
Q

what is the basis of biological membranes?

A

phospholipid bilayers

120
Q

what are the two nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

121
Q

what is the function of nucleic acids?

A

storage, transmission, and use of genetic information, basis of heredity

122
Q

what are the polymers of nucleic acids?

A

nucleotides

123
Q

what are nucleotides composed of?

A

sugar + phosphate + nitrogenous base

124
Q

what is the sugar is DNA?

A

deoxyribose

125
Q

what is the sugar in RNA?

A

ribose

126
Q

what are the two types of nitrogenous bases?

A

purines and pyrimidines

127
Q

how many purines are there, and what are they?

A

2, adenine and guanine

128
Q

how many pyrimidines are there, and what are they?

A

3, cytosine, thymine, and uracil (RNA only)

129
Q

what structure do the purines form?

A

two-ring structure

130
Q

what structure do they pyrimidines form?

A

one-ring structure

131
Q

what bonds link DNA?

A

phosphodiester bonds

132
Q

what is the structure of DNA?

A

double helix, strands are complimentary, purine matches with pyrimidine, vice versa

133
Q

what is the complimentary pyrimidine to the purine adenine?

A

thymine

134
Q

what is/are the complimentary pyrimidines to the purine guanine?

A

guanine in DNA and uracil in RNA

135
Q

what bonds link the nitrogenous bases in DNA?

A

hydrogen bonds

136
Q

what is the function of RNA?

A

it is the baker! it reads the DNA recipe, assembles amino acid ingredients fro ribosome oven to make protein bread

137
Q

how does RNA differ from DNA?

A

its sugar is ribose, it contains uracil instead of guanine, it is single stranded, and usually pretty small, whereas DNA can be pretty big

138
Q

list three extra nucleotides

A

ATP, NAD+, and FAD

139
Q

what is the function of ATP?

A

primary energy currency of the cell

140
Q

what is the function of NAD+ and FAD?

A

they are ELECTRON CARRIERS for many cellular reactions

141
Q

how are the four biological macromolecules alike?

A

have an essay response

142
Q

how are the four biological macromolecules different?

A

have an essay response

Bio 111 (17 decks)

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