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Bio 111 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

who discovered cells and when?

A

Robert Hooke in 1665

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2
Q

who proposed cell theory and when?

A

Schleiden and Schwann in 1840

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3
Q

list the three rules of cell theory

A
  1. all living things are composed of cells
  2. cells are the smallest living things
  3. cells arise only from other cells
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4
Q

can cells be any size?

A

no, cell size is limited

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5
Q

why is cell size limited?

A

as size increases, the surface area to volume ratio decreases, and diffusion becomes less efficient, this is why cells are microscopic

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6
Q

what are the three structures that all cells have in common?

A
  1. plasma membrane; cell boundary
  2. cytoplasm; also called cytosol
  3. DNA; requirement for life
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7
Q

what is the primary characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

A

they lack membrane bound organelles

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8
Q

what are the two types of prokaryotic cells and where are they found?

A
  1. acteria; everywhere

2. archaebacteria; found in limited, extreme environments, likely the first cells to evolve

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9
Q

what structures do prokaryotic cells possess? Don’t put Cheese on your PopCoRN

A 
DNA
Cytoplasm
Plasma membrane
Cell wall
Ribosomes
No membrane bound organelles
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10
Q

what are two extracellular structures that some, but not all prokaryotic cells have?

A

flagella and pili

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11
Q

what do prokaryotic cell walls do?

A

protect and maintain structure/shape

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12
Q

what are prokaryotic cells composed of?

A

combination of proteins and sugars called glycoproteins

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13
Q

what do the flagella of prokaryotic cells do?

A

allows cell to move and change location

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14
Q

what do the pili of prokaryotic cells do?

A

anchors cell in place

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15
Q

what does the envelope of prokaryotic cells do?

A

further protects cell from harsher environment, is typically gelatinous, can be glycoprotein structure

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16
Q

what is the biggest difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

eukaryotic cells possess membrane bound organelles, they are also more complex, compartmentalized, and have more support and structure, they also have mitochondria

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17
Q

what does the nucleus do?

A

stores DNA

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18
Q

what is the nucleus surrounded by?

A

nucleoplasm, a phospholipid bilayer

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19
Q

what is chromatin?

A

DNA’s less organized form, an unwound loose chain for the cell to use easily

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20
Q

what is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Rough ER and Smooth ER, right outside the nucleus, protein and lipid synthesis

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21
Q

what is the nuclear membrane/envelope?

A

it surrounds the nucleus and has NUCLEAR PORES to allow DNA info out

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22
Q

what is the nucleolus?

A

where RNA baker is stored and organized, darker region in nucleus

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23
Q

what is special about cancer cells?

A

they have multiple nuceoli to handle cell divisions

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24
Q

what are ribosomes?

A

OVENS!
site of protein synthesis
composed of RNA
large and small part joined together (oven and oven door?)

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25
Q

where are the ribosomes located?

A

embedded in the ER and floating free in the cytoplasm

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26
Q

where is the endomembrane system located?

A

nuclear pores, through endoplasmic reticulum, inside cell cytoplasm

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27
Q

what does the endomembrane system do?

A

synthesizes protein, gets it into correct form, moves it through ER, synthesizing and folding, packages it to move to golgi, where it is folded and packaged into its final form, and expelled out through vesicles

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28
Q

what composes the endomembrane system?

A
  1. nuclear membrane
  2. ER
  3. golgi body
  4. transport vesicles
  5. plasma membrane
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29
Q

Are ribosomes part of the endomembrane system?

A

No

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30
Q

What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

Protein synthesis

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31
Q

Where is the rough ER located?

A

Closest to the nucleus

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32
Q

What do the smooth ER do?

A

Early protein packaging for Golgi apparatus, and some toxin filtration

33
Q

what does the rough ER do?

A

protein synthesis

34
Q

what does the smooth ER do?

A

early protein packaging for golgi, toxin removal

35
Q

what does the golgi apparatus do?

A

final protein packaging, lipid synthesis

36
Q

what are the vacuoles?

A

membrane bags

37
Q

what do the vacuoles do?

A

move things from place to place in endomembrane system, containers for digestion

38
Q

what are the two types of vacuoles?

A

transportation and digestion

39
Q

what is endocytosis, and what organelle accomplishes it?

A

to move into the cell, using a vesicle/vacuole

40
Q

what is the type of endocytosis that WBC’s do?

A

phagocytosis, cell eating

41
Q

what is exocytosis?

A

to move out of the cell using a vesicle/vacuole

42
Q

what is the function of mitochondria?

A

ATP formation

POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL

43
Q

how does mitochondria create cell energy

A

converts glucose to ATP

44
Q

is mitochondria found in eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells, or both?

A

eukaryotic cells only

45
Q

what is so special about mitochondria?

A

they have their own DNA

46
Q

what is the structure of mitochondria?

A

kidney bean shaped, inner and outer membranes, space between inner membranes called a matrix

47
Q

what cells have chloroplasts?

A

plant and algae cells, SOME protists

48
Q

describe the structure of chloroplasts

A

outer and inner membranes, membrane bound sacks to increase surface area

49
Q

what is so special about chloroplasts?

A

they have their own DNA

50
Q

what is the theory about prokaryotes and mitochondria/chloroplasts?

A

eukaryotic cells may have formed from the symbiotic relationship between protists and the mitochondria/chloroplasts they engulfed

51
Q

what are the three protein fibers of the cytoskeleton?

A

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

52
Q

what is the structure of microtubules?

A

two intertwined strands of the globular protein, actin

53
Q

what are microfilaments also called?

A

actin filaments

54
Q

what is the function of microfilaments?

A

they serve as a track for myosin, which enables motion, like cell division in animal cells and cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells, they provide rigidity and cell shape, can depolymerize (dissassemble) and reform quickly, which allows WBC’s to move and eat pathogens

55
Q

what happens when actin and myosin filaments pass each other?

A

muscle contraction

56
Q

what kind of cells have a lot of microfilaments?

A

muscle cells!

57
Q

what is the structure of intermediate filaments?

A

several strands of fibrous protein wound together

58
Q

what is the function of intermediate filaments?

A

bear tension to maintain cell shape, anchor nucleus and other organelles in place, create cell’s supportive inner scaffolding

59
Q

which is the most diverse of the cytoskeletal elements?

A

intermediate filaments

60
Q

give an example of an intermediate filament/fibrous protein

A

keratin

61
Q

do all cytoskeletal elements play a role in cell movement?

A

no, intermediate filaments do not

62
Q

what is the structure of microtubules?

A

small, hollow tubes with walls made of two globulin proteins

63
Q

what is the function of microtubules?

A

help cell resist compression, provide a track for vesicles to move throughout the cell, pull replicated chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell, can dissolve and reform quickly, structural elements in flagella, cilia, and centrioles

64
Q

how do cells move?

A

by cytoplasmic streaming, or crawling/streaming through use of pseudopods

65
Q

give an example of cytoplasmic streaming

A

plants moving their chloroplasts to a location with more sunlight

66
Q

give an example of cell crawling through use of a pseudopod

A

White Blood Cells send their membrane out to form a pseudopod, and their cytoplasm follows

67
Q

what is the structure of flagella?

A

long and whip-like

68
Q

give an example of a special cell with a flagellum that can move outside our bodies?

A

sperm cells

69
Q

what are cilia?

A

short, external structure that beat in unison

WE ALL ROW

70
Q

give an example of cilia

A

they line our trachea and beat upward so we don’t inhale bad stuff when breathing

71
Q

what is the structure of flagella and cilia?

A

microtubules in 9 pairs outside in a circle, 2 pairs inside, with protein and ATP connecting the inside and outside like spokes of a wheel

72
Q

how do flagella and cilia move?

A

ATP causes rotation and propulsion

73
Q

what can extracellular structures be used for?

A

movement

74
Q

is the exterior of a cell completely smooth?

A

no, phospholipid bilayer, proteins, collagen, glyoproteins, and fibers make a gooey matrix

75
Q

what are cell walls composed of?

A

structural carbohydrates;

cellulose in plants, chitin for fungi

76
Q

what is the gap in the cell wall that allows for communication between adjoining cells?

A

plasmodesma

77
Q

what does the extracellular matrix (ECM) do?

A

allows cells to be tightly joined together through cytoskeletal intermediate filaments?

78
Q

is the bond strength of the ECM always the same?

A

no it varies by cell type;

tighter in cardiac cells, not as tight is muscle cells

Bio 111 (17 decks)

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