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AP Psychology > Chapter 7-8 > Flashcards

Chapter 7-8 Flashcards

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1
Q

cognition

A

thinking. process of acquiring and using knowledge

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2
Q

5 elements of thought

A

symbols, image, prototype, concept, language

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3
Q

Symbol

A

object, act, or sound that stands for something else

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4
Q

image

A

mental representation of sensory experience (thinking in pictures)

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5
Q

prototype

A

mental model with typical features of a concept

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6
Q

concept

A

mental category for classifying objects, people, and experiences

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7
Q

language

A

spoken and written, passes thoughts between people

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8
Q

phonemes

A

smallest part of sound; 45 in English (th, ka)

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9
Q

morphemes

A

smallest words with meaning (no, hi)

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10
Q

grammar

A

language rules that determine how sounds or words an be combined and used to communicate meaning within a language

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11
Q

surface structure

A

words and phrases used to make a sentence

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12
Q

deep structure

A

underlying meaning (sarcasm)

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13
Q

all or nothing thinking

A

good/bad, black/white. seen in children

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14
Q

confusing coincidence with cause

A

assuming something causes something unrelated

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15
Q

delusion

A

false belief despite contrary evidence

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16
Q

preparatory/ data collection

A

collecting data for study

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17
Q

inspiration

A

solution presents itself - aha moment

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18
Q

steps of critical thinking

A
  1. data collection
  2. sitting on the problem
  3. inspiration
  4. verification and revision
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19
Q

brainstorming

A

trying to come up with as many possible solutions to a problem as possible without stopping to evaluate the validity of each response

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20
Q

divergent thinking

A

trying to come up with multiple solutions to a problem (FRQ)

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21
Q

convergent thinking

A

trying to come up with 1 correct solution to a problem (MC)

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22
Q

functional fixedness

A

occurs when you can only think of the intended use of an object, nothing else

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23
Q

reasoning

A

ability to comprehend or think in an orderly and rational way

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24
Q

deductive reasoning

A

applying general principals to specific case (playing Clue)

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25
Q

inductive reasoning

A

specific cases to general principals (finding reason for failing test)

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26
Q

intelligence

A

ability to create a product or service, makes new knowledge necessary

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27
Q

R. B. Cattell theory

A

crystallized intelligence = lifetime experience, wisdom.
fluid intelligence = ability to think logically and solve problems, regardless of acquired logic

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28
Q

Gardner’s Theory

A

multiple intelligences

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29
Q

Daniel Golemon theory

A

emotional intelligence

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30
Q

self-awareness

A

recognize and understand own emotions

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31
Q

self-regulation

A

think before acting, regulating behaviors

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32
Q

motivation

A

passion for work besides money or status, pursue goals with energy

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33
Q

empahty

A

understand emotions of others, treat people in compliance with their emotional reactions

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34
Q

social skill

A

relationship management

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35
Q

Alfred Binet

A

made first intelligence test for students

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36
Q

L. M. Terman

A

made IQ test

37
Q

Stanford Binet IQ Test

A

measures smart for school success - tested mental age

38
Q

reliability (of tests)

A

degree that test gets consistent results

39
Q

validity (of tests)

A

how well test measures what it’s supposed to

40
Q

semantics

A

giving meaning to words

41
Q

comprehension uses

A

bottom up processing (phonemes to meaning)

42
Q

speech uses

A

top down processing (meaning to phonemes)

43
Q

linguistic determinism

A

Whorf: says speech affects how we think about things

44
Q

telegraphic speech

A

by babies, only uses essential words in a sentence

45
Q

algorithm

A

problem solving method, step by step

46
Q

heuristics

A

“rule of thumb”, help solve problems but don’t ensure success

47
Q

hill climbing

A

each step brings you closer to goal

48
Q

subgoals

A

smaller, manageable goals, makes it easier to reach goal

49
Q

means-end analysis

A

hill + subgoals. identify differences in the present and end result, work to stop those discrepancies

50
Q

working backwards

A

work from goal to present

51
Q

mental set

A

tendency to see and approach problems in certain ways

52
Q

compensatory model

A

rational, evaluate choices

53
Q

representativeness

A

new problem is judged against past problems

54
Q

availability

A

decision based on information that comes to mind first

55
Q

confirmation bias

A

tendency to find evidence to support your belief

56
Q

framing

A

the way that information is presented, and influences a decision

57
Q

hindsight bias

A

tendency to see outcomes as predictable once in the future

58
Q

counterfactual thinking

A

think about alternate realities or things that haven’t happened

59
Q

triarchic theory of intelligence

A

intelligence involves mental skills, insight, creativity

60
Q

Binet-Simon Scale

A

first IQ test

61
Q

Stanford-Binet IQ scale

A

Terman’s version of the Binet-Simon Scale

62
Q

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale 3

A

IQ test for adults; verbal, performance

63
Q

group tests

A

one tester gives several IQ tests at once

64
Q

performance tests

A

IQ tests that minimize language usage

65
Q

culture-fair tests

A

IQ tests that minimize culture bias

66
Q

split-half reliability

A

divide test in 2, check and compare both parts

67
Q

correlation coefficients

A

measure degree of association between two things

68
Q

mental retardation

A

sublevel IQ, adoptive skill deficit

69
Q

mild disability qualifications

A

IQ 50-69, mental age 8-12

70
Q

moderate disability qualifications

A

IQ 35-49, mental age 4-7

71
Q

severe disability qualifications

A

IQ 21-34, mental age 1-3

72
Q

mainstreaming

A

process of placing people with disabilities in public schools

73
Q

inclusion

A

putting students with disabilities in regular classrooms

74
Q

profound disability qualifiations

A

IQ <20, mental age <1

75
Q

cultural familial retardation

A

apparently caused by social/culture deprivation

76
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome

A

mom drinks a lot of alcohol during pregnancy

77
Q

teratotegens

A

toxic substances that pass from the mom to the fetus by the placenta

78
Q

rubella

A

“German measles”. fever in mother hurts the baby and causes abnormal cell growth

79
Q

anoxia

A

lack of oxygen in childbirth

80
Q

cerebral palsy

A

can be caused by anoxia, movement disorder and mental disability

81
Q

PKU

A

caused by inherited lack of enzyme required to metabolize amino acids found in milk and commo foods

82
Q

lead poisoning

A

hurts development

83
Q

TBI

A

injury or accident is cause of brain injury

84
Q

Down’s Syndrome

A

extra 21 chromosome. found by Lengdon Down, 1866.

85
Q

moderate giftedness

A

IQ between 130-150

86
Q

profoundly gifted

A

IQ 180+

87
Q

prodigy

A

someone with a high degree of mastery in one area, and is average everywhere else

88
Q

gifted

A

very good across disciplines - academic strength

AP Psychology (8 decks)

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