Chapter 7-8 Flashcards
cognition
thinking. process of acquiring and using knowledge
5 elements of thought
symbols, image, prototype, concept, language
Symbol
object, act, or sound that stands for something else
image
mental representation of sensory experience (thinking in pictures)
prototype
mental model with typical features of a concept
concept
mental category for classifying objects, people, and experiences
language
spoken and written, passes thoughts between people
phonemes
smallest part of sound; 45 in English (th, ka)
morphemes
smallest words with meaning (no, hi)
grammar
language rules that determine how sounds or words an be combined and used to communicate meaning within a language
surface structure
words and phrases used to make a sentence
deep structure
underlying meaning (sarcasm)
all or nothing thinking
good/bad, black/white. seen in children
confusing coincidence with cause
assuming something causes something unrelated
delusion
false belief despite contrary evidence
preparatory/ data collection
collecting data for study
inspiration
solution presents itself - aha moment
steps of critical thinking
- data collection
- sitting on the problem
- inspiration
- verification and revision
brainstorming
trying to come up with as many possible solutions to a problem as possible without stopping to evaluate the validity of each response
divergent thinking
trying to come up with multiple solutions to a problem (FRQ)
convergent thinking
trying to come up with 1 correct solution to a problem (MC)
functional fixedness
occurs when you can only think of the intended use of an object, nothing else
reasoning
ability to comprehend or think in an orderly and rational way
deductive reasoning
applying general principals to specific case (playing Clue)
inductive reasoning
specific cases to general principals (finding reason for failing test)
intelligence
ability to create a product or service, makes new knowledge necessary
R. B. Cattell theory
crystallized intelligence = lifetime experience, wisdom.
fluid intelligence = ability to think logically and solve problems, regardless of acquired logic
Gardner’s Theory
multiple intelligences
Daniel Golemon theory
emotional intelligence
self-awareness
recognize and understand own emotions
self-regulation
think before acting, regulating behaviors
motivation
passion for work besides money or status, pursue goals with energy
empahty
understand emotions of others, treat people in compliance with their emotional reactions
social skill
relationship management
Alfred Binet
made first intelligence test for students
L. M. Terman
made IQ test
Stanford Binet IQ Test
measures smart for school success - tested mental age
reliability (of tests)
degree that test gets consistent results
validity (of tests)
how well test measures what it’s supposed to
semantics
giving meaning to words
comprehension uses
bottom up processing (phonemes to meaning)
speech uses
top down processing (meaning to phonemes)
linguistic determinism
Whorf: says speech affects how we think about things
telegraphic speech
by babies, only uses essential words in a sentence
algorithm
problem solving method, step by step
heuristics
“rule of thumb”, help solve problems but don’t ensure success
hill climbing
each step brings you closer to goal
subgoals
smaller, manageable goals, makes it easier to reach goal
means-end analysis
hill + subgoals. identify differences in the present and end result, work to stop those discrepancies
working backwards
work from goal to present
mental set
tendency to see and approach problems in certain ways
compensatory model
rational, evaluate choices
representativeness
new problem is judged against past problems
availability
decision based on information that comes to mind first
confirmation bias
tendency to find evidence to support your belief
framing
the way that information is presented, and influences a decision
hindsight bias
tendency to see outcomes as predictable once in the future
counterfactual thinking
think about alternate realities or things that haven’t happened
triarchic theory of intelligence
intelligence involves mental skills, insight, creativity
Binet-Simon Scale
first IQ test
Stanford-Binet IQ scale
Terman’s version of the Binet-Simon Scale
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale 3
IQ test for adults; verbal, performance
group tests
one tester gives several IQ tests at once
performance tests
IQ tests that minimize language usage
culture-fair tests
IQ tests that minimize culture bias
split-half reliability
divide test in 2, check and compare both parts
correlation coefficients
measure degree of association between two things
mental retardation
sublevel IQ, adoptive skill deficit
mild disability qualifications
IQ 50-69, mental age 8-12
moderate disability qualifications
IQ 35-49, mental age 4-7
severe disability qualifications
IQ 21-34, mental age 1-3
mainstreaming
process of placing people with disabilities in public schools
inclusion
putting students with disabilities in regular classrooms
profound disability qualifiations
IQ <20, mental age <1
cultural familial retardation
apparently caused by social/culture deprivation
fetal alcohol syndrome
mom drinks a lot of alcohol during pregnancy
teratotegens
toxic substances that pass from the mom to the fetus by the placenta
rubella
“German measles”. fever in mother hurts the baby and causes abnormal cell growth
anoxia
lack of oxygen in childbirth
cerebral palsy
can be caused by anoxia, movement disorder and mental disability
PKU
caused by inherited lack of enzyme required to metabolize amino acids found in milk and commo foods
lead poisoning
hurts development
TBI
injury or accident is cause of brain injury
Down’s Syndrome
extra 21 chromosome. found by Lengdon Down, 1866.
moderate giftedness
IQ between 130-150
profoundly gifted
IQ 180+
prodigy
someone with a high degree of mastery in one area, and is average everywhere else
gifted
very good across disciplines - academic strength
