Chapter 5

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

a process where experience or practice results in relatively permanent behavior

Question 2

classical conditioning

Answer 2

learning to associate two previously unrelated things

Question 3

who made classical conditioning?

Answer 3

Ivan Pavlov

Question 4

systematic desensitization therapy

Answer 4

conditioning to gradually reduce anxiety over object or situation

Question 5

what can systematic desensitization therapy be used for?

Answer 5

phobias

Question 6

flooding

Answer 6

exposure full force to the feared object or situation to shock someone out of their fear. can backfire

Question 7

conditioned taste aversion/ garcia effect

Answer 7

when an organism gets sick from a food, and they can eat the same food after

Question 8

four parts of classical conditioning

Answer 8

stimulus generalization, stimulus discrimination, extinction, and spontaneous recovery

Question 9

stimulus generalization

Answer 9

similar stimuli (conditioned and neutral) cause the same response (conditioned)

Question 10

stimulus discrimination

Answer 10

responding to the specific conditioned stimuli, not anything else that is similar

Question 11

extinction

Answer 11

decrease in strength/frequency of learned response due to failure to continue pairing unconditioned stimulus with the conditioned stimulus

Question 12

spontaneous recovery

Answer 12

reappearance of extinguished response after the passage of time without further training

Question 13

operant conditioning

Answer 13

occurs with spontaneous behavior (normal behavior). depending on the consequences, behavior increases or decreases. it’s literally just the things you do normally after learning how to do it

Question 14

positive reinforcement

Answer 14

an event whose presence increases likelihood that a certain behavior will occur

Question 15

negative reinforcement

Answer 15

removing an unpleasant consequence from a situation to increase behavior

Question 16

primary reinforcement

Answer 16

things that are naturally rewarding

Question 17

secondary reinforcement

Answer 17

things that must be taught to be valued as a reward

Question 18

continuous reinforcement

Answer 18

reinforcement every time a response is made

Question 19

fixed-ratio schedule

Answer 19

fixed number of responses needed before reinforcement. consistent

Question 20

variable-ratio schedule

Answer 20

reinforcement after a varying number of responses

Question 21

interval schedule

Answer 21

certain time passes between reinforcements

Question 22

fixed-interval schedule

Answer 22

fixed amount of time passes between reinforcement

Question 23

variable-interval schedule

Answer 23

random amount of time between reinforcement

Question 24

punishment

Answer 24

adding an event whose presence decreases likelihood that ongoing behavior will occur

Question 25

four factors determining effectiveness

Answer 25

swift, sufficient, certain, consistent

Question 26

observational learning

Answer 26

learning a behavior by watching someone else, aka Vicarious learning or social learning

Question 27

Albert Bandura

Answer 27

Bobo doll experiment

Question 28

latent learning

Answer 28

learning something that is not observable normally (like knowing how to get somewhere)

Question 29

higher-order conditioning

Answer 29

using one conditioned behavior to help learn another behavior

Question 30

contingency

Answer 30

if-then with stimuli-response or response-reinforcement

Question 31

Robert Pescarla

Answer 31

conditioning needs conditioned stimulus to teach about unconditioned stimulus (CS-US contingency)

Question 32

blocking

Answer 32

prior conditioning prevents future behaviors

Question 33

response acquisition

Answer 33

phase of learning

Question 34

intermittent pairing

Answer 34

reduces rates of learning and learning level

Question 35

response generalization

Answer 35

one stimulus causes several responses

Question 36

law of effect

Answer 36

behavior that is rewarded will be stamped in, behavior that is punished will be stamped out

Question 37

avoidance training

Answer 37

learning that behavior prevents unwanted conditions

Question 38

biofeedback

Answer 38

heart rate, body temperature, blood pressure

Question 39

neurofeedback

Answer 39

brain waves

Question 40

superstition

Answer 40

sometimes a response occurs by behavior, so behavior is learned. falls under operant conditioning

Question 41

insight

Answer 41

when someone learns something at once - ex, recognizing a pattern