Chapter 5 Flashcards
learning
a process where experience or practice results in relatively permanent behavior
classical conditioning
learning to associate two previously unrelated things
who made classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
systematic desensitization therapy
conditioning to gradually reduce anxiety over object or situation
what can systematic desensitization therapy be used for?
phobias
flooding
exposure full force to the feared object or situation to shock someone out of their fear. can backfire
conditioned taste aversion/ garcia effect
when an organism gets sick from a food, and they can eat the same food after
four parts of classical conditioning
stimulus generalization, stimulus discrimination, extinction, and spontaneous recovery
stimulus generalization
similar stimuli (conditioned and neutral) cause the same response (conditioned)
stimulus discrimination
responding to the specific conditioned stimuli, not anything else that is similar
extinction
decrease in strength/frequency of learned response due to failure to continue pairing unconditioned stimulus with the conditioned stimulus
spontaneous recovery
reappearance of extinguished response after the passage of time without further training
operant conditioning
occurs with spontaneous behavior (normal behavior). depending on the consequences, behavior increases or decreases. it’s literally just the things you do normally after learning how to do it
positive reinforcement
an event whose presence increases likelihood that a certain behavior will occur
negative reinforcement
removing an unpleasant consequence from a situation to increase behavior
primary reinforcement
things that are naturally rewarding
secondary reinforcement
things that must be taught to be valued as a reward
continuous reinforcement
reinforcement every time a response is made
fixed-ratio schedule
fixed number of responses needed before reinforcement. consistent
variable-ratio schedule
reinforcement after a varying number of responses
interval schedule
certain time passes between reinforcements
fixed-interval schedule
fixed amount of time passes between reinforcement
variable-interval schedule
random amount of time between reinforcement
punishment
adding an event whose presence decreases likelihood that ongoing behavior will occur
four factors determining effectiveness
swift, sufficient, certain, consistent
observational learning
learning a behavior by watching someone else, aka Vicarious learning or social learning
Albert Bandura
Bobo doll experiment
latent learning
learning something that is not observable normally (like knowing how to get somewhere)
higher-order conditioning
using one conditioned behavior to help learn another behavior
contingency
if-then with stimuli-response or response-reinforcement
Robert Pescarla
conditioning needs conditioned stimulus to teach about unconditioned stimulus (CS-US contingency)
blocking
prior conditioning prevents future behaviors
response acquisition
phase of learning
intermittent pairing
reduces rates of learning and learning level
response generalization
one stimulus causes several responses
law of effect
behavior that is rewarded will be stamped in, behavior that is punished will be stamped out
avoidance training
learning that behavior prevents unwanted conditions
biofeedback
heart rate, body temperature, blood pressure
neurofeedback
brain waves
superstition
sometimes a response occurs by behavior, so behavior is learned. falls under operant conditioning
insight
when someone learns something at once - ex, recognizing a pattern
