Chapter 10 Flashcards
cross-sectional study
study of people of different ages at once
longitudinal study
study of one group over time
cohort
group of people born in the same time period
biographical/retrospective study
reconstructing the past
germinal stage
2-4 weeks; mass of cells
embryonic stage
5-8 weeks; brain and organs start developing
fetal stage
9 weeks-birth
teratogen
something in environment that can cause a birth defect
neonate
newborn
rooting reflex
child turns to face something brushing their cheek
gripping reflex
very strong grasp on anything that touches hand
babinski reflex
toe curling when foot is pressed
Moro/startle reflex
shuffling feet when held upright (like walking)
orienting reflex
turning head towards loud noise
easy baby
not fussy, happy, regular schedules
slow-to-warm-up baby
withdrawn and moody
difficult baby
fussy, fearful, intense reactions
shy baby
timid, inhibited, fearful
growth in first year
10 inches growth, triple weight
shaken baby syndrome
spinal cord snaps, permanent brain damage
learn to walk…
12 months
developmental norm
age when average child reaches milestone
proximodistal fashion
developing head down, center out
maturation
automatic biological unfolding of development in organism as function of passage of time
sensorimotor stage
birth-2 years. learn object permanence
pre-operational stage
2-6 years. learn visualization and language. egocentrism. fantasy play
concrete operational stage
7-11 years. more logic. conservation (flasks), classification
formal operational stage
12 years- adulthood. abstract thinking, ethics and politics, social and moral issues
theory of moral tinking
how morals develop in children; Lawrence Kohlberg
pre-conventinal
moral development, values based on punishment
conventional
moral development based on approval of others and societal rules
post-conventional
morals based on rights, duties, and principles; social contract. not always reached
Noam Chomsky said -
children are born with internal language acquisition device (brain is hardwired for language learning)
BF Skinner
language is learned like a skill or ability
imprinting
babies make a connection with the first thing they see - not humans
secure attachment
child gets safety and autonomy
insecure attachment
caregiver is avoidant, ambivalent, or disorganized
authoritarian parent
high expectations, discipline, unsupportive
permissive parent
low expectations, excessive responsiveness
authoritative parent
clear expectations, definite rules, supportive
solitary play
0-2 years. playing alone with no interaction
parallel play
2.5-3 years. playing separately but with similar things
co-operative play
4-6 years. playing with others, needs language
gender constancy
before age 6, children think gender is easily changeable
puberty
period of human development where people can reproduce
adolescence
time between puberty and maturation (to age 25)
teen pregnancy tax cost per year
$9.1 billion
imaginary audience
thought that people are always focused on you
personal fable
belief that you’re unique and invulnerable
foreclosure
identity based on others’ expectations
identity diffusion
no exploration or commitment - isolation
moratorium
middle of crisis, vague expectations - active exploration
identity achievement
had a crisis, explored, and made commitments
teenagers with depression before adulthood
20%
teenagers with depression symptoms
10%
teenagers with major depression
5%
teenagers that get treatment for depression
30%
how many marriages end in divorce
48%
chronological age
number of years since birth
biological age
changes in physical characteristics, like graying hair
social age
changes in social ability and economic roles
young old
65-74 years
old old
75-84 years
oldest old
85+ years
life expectance for women
81 years
life expectance for men
76 years
disengagement theory
downsizing, increased individuality, accepting changes
continuity theory
older adults change interests to fit within aging process
stages of dying
denial - anger - bargaining - depression - acceptance
socialization
kids learn values and behaviors of their family and culture
peer group
children of similar ages that act like a support network
nonshared environment
difference sin siblings’ environments
critical period
when health factors have a great impact on development, depending on stage of development and what the factor is
fetal alcohol syndrome
deformities, heart issues, slow growth, and cognitive issues after birth
