Chapter 15 Flashcards
schema theory
explains interpretation of world
primacy effect
first impressions matter more
recency effect
more recent impressions matter more
self-fulfilling prophecy
one becomes what they expect because their assumptions influence their behaviors, which validates their initial belief
stereotype
characteristics assigned to demographic groups. fixed, general, based on an experience
attribution theory
addresses the question of how people make judgements about causes of behavior
fundamental attribution error
overestimation of personal causes for other people’s behavior and to underestimate personal causes for their own behavior
defensive attribution
tendency to attribute success to own efforts or qualities, and failures to external factors
just-world hypothesis
based on assumption that bad things happen to bad people and vice versa
interpersonal attraction
positive feelings about other person
interpersonal attraction includes:
proximity, similarity, reciprocity, exchange, and intimacy
prejudice
mental attitude of hate
discrimination
putting prejudice into action
frustration-aggression hypothesis
frustration comes from prevention of a reward. It gets directed at what appears to cause block
displacement
target of aggression is unreachable, so the target shifts to a more reachable group/person
scapegoating
assigning blame to another to direct attention off of oneself
cognitive dissonance
mental discomfort experienced by an individual who holds 2 contradictory views, beliefs, or values at the same time
culture
shared beliefs, ideas, values, etc. Large influence on behaviors and attitudes
culture truism
belief that most members of society accept as self evidently true
norms
shared idea/expectation about how to behave shared by society
folkway
things that aren’t societally accepted, but are not harmful if done
mores
things that are serious violations, and can cause damage if done
laws
things that go against norms supported by organization if done.
deindiviudalization
person acting with a group, not as an individual; loss of personality/responsibility
altruistic behavior
action doesn’t benefit helper
bystander effect
people less likely to offer help in emergency as the group grows in size
Pygmalion effect
like the prophecy; treating others according to how they are expected to behave, which ends up with the same result
actor-observer effect
explaining others’ behavior as internally caused, and own behavior as externally caused
complementary traits
skills/traits that go together between two peoples
self-monitoring
tendency for one to act according to gathered environmental cues (high)
ultimate attribution error
person with negative stereotypes assume of the stereotype has success due to external factors and fails due to internal factors
social loafing
tendency to commit less effort in a group than individually
great man theory
leaders are born, not made
trait theory
leaders come from genetics and experiences
right place right time theory
leaders are made by chance (time, experiences)
Hawthorne Effect
behavior changes when someone knows they’re being watched
authoritarian personality
more likely to have prejudice
recategorize
expanding schema for a group to prevent prejudice
controlled processing
teaching tolerance by education and thinking
improving contact between groups
if groups are equal and meeting is encouraged, it can prevent prejudice
process of persuasion
pay attention; comprehension; acceptance
communication model
persuading audience by ethos/logos/pathos basically
social influence
how other people impact perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs of someone else
compliance
changing behavior to meet request of another
obedience
change in behavior from request from a superior
door in the face effect
feeling guilty after denying a request, so accepting a second request even if it’s more demanding
contingency theory
leader effectiveness depends on transactional view of leadership
