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Psyc of Personality > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

2 main points of Gestalt psych

A

people seek meaning in their environments/life
emphasizes that the whole is greater than its parts

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2
Q

life spaces and its theory

A

external and internal forces that impact individuals and the relationships b/w them and their env.
ex: school is a life space, home is a life space
field theory

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3
Q

cognitive style and theory

A

what you do with your given info
field theory

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4
Q

who invented field theory

A

kurt lewin

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5
Q

types of field dependencies in cognitive styles

A

dependent: rely on context and environment to solve life space; look more at the whole than the parts
independent: more analytical about the parts than the whole; only focus on immediate/relevant info

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6
Q

ppl with which field dependency prefer to work alone and are more socially distanced

A

independent

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7
Q

cognitive complexity

A

number of elements used to analyze an event

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8
Q

increased cognitive complexity is seen in people with which field dependency?

A

dependent, decreased cog. complexity in field independent people

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9
Q

we generally gain more cognitive complexity as we what?

A

age

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10
Q

prototype

A

basic understanding of a concept

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11
Q

script

A

what we know happens in certain environments
ex: sit down in class, pull out laptop, prof lectures

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12
Q

4 types of selves

A

expected
ideal
feared
possible

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13
Q

tasks that we perform can either be a way for us to do what 2 things

A

showcase our abilities OR opportunities to change our abilities

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14
Q

situated social cognition

A

social processes can change when the situation changes

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15
Q

attentional control

A

attention can be more focused on self, others, env., etc depending on our personality

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16
Q

social intelligence

A

skills about interacting with others

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17
Q

points about the personal construct theory

A

-George Kelly
-says we create our own version of reality
-we look for things in our environment to either confirm/falsify our theories
-we develop dimensions to categorize events and others

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18
Q

examples of constructs

A

fun/not fun
safe/unsafe
nice/unkind

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19
Q

explanatory styles

A

cognitive personality variables that represent how a person perceives the events in their life

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20
Q

which type of person has more T cells and natural killer cells

A

optimists

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21
Q

can we learn to be optimistic

A

yes

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22
Q

unrealistic optimism

A

believing absolutely everything will work out fine without having to do much/anything

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23
Q

bhvr potential

A

likelihood that a particular bhvr will occur in a given situation

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24
Q

psychological situation

A

an individual’s unique combo of potential bhvrs, expectations, reinforcement value and situational constraints

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25
Q

2 types of outcome expectancies

A

specific: particular reward follows a bhvr in a specific situation
general: bhvr will be rewarded most of the time

26
Q

self-efficacy

A

confidence in having the ability to accomplish something

27
Q

which expectancies tend to form our personality?

A

general

28
Q

some valued secondary reinforcers according to ______

A

Rotter
-recognition status: wanting to be recognized for our competence
-dominance
-independence
-protection dependency: having support from others
-love
-physical comfort

29
Q

what can decrease reinforcement value?

A

situational constraint

30
Q

what does self-efficacy depend on?

A

previous success/failure
seeing others be successful at the task
verbal encouragement
physical arousal AND our interpretation of it

31
Q

locus of control

A

our perceptions of where the cause of our actions and their consequences originate from

32
Q

internal vs external locus of control

A

internal: we cause our consequences due to our actions
external: outcomes are based on something outside of ourself

33
Q

perceptions can come about based on what

A

-experience with reinforcement
-processing info (those with internal locus pays attention to info important for immediate gratification and long term planning)
-effort and control (internal locus ppl put more effort into tasks)

34
Q

which locus ppl feel more stress and burnout

A

external

35
Q

which locus ppl are generally happier

A

internal

36
Q

which locus ppl are more socially skilled

A

internal

37
Q

which culture has more internal locus ppl/which has more external

A

internal: individualistic
external: collectivist

38
Q

illusion of control

A

some ppl in individualist cultures have such a high internal locus that they can feel like they’re in control when really they’re not

39
Q

having an illusion of control for a past negative situation can lead to what

A

depression and guilt

40
Q

primary vs secondary control

A

primary: the actions I can take to change the situation
secondary: the ways I can change how I think about the situation

41
Q

which culture focuses more on primary control/which on secondary?

A

primary: individualist
collectivist: secondary

42
Q

newer generations tend to have which locus of control

A

external

43
Q

self system

A

set of cognitive processes by which a person perceives, evaluates and regulates their own bhvrs so it’s appropriate to the environment (and helps them achieve their goals)

44
Q

which reinforcers are people most affected by according to social learning theory?

A

social… lol

45
Q

we pay more attention to models who are:

A

-similar to us
-are powerful and attractive

46
Q

which bhvrs are we most likely to pay attention to/imitate?

A

-simple bhvrs
-ones that are valued by others

47
Q

imitation is especially present in

A

kids

48
Q

we tend to engage in vicarious learning with people who

A

we like

49
Q

image and verbal coding

A

image: seeing cues that tell us to retain info
verbal: telling ourselves things to retain info

50
Q

what affects the reproduction of bhvr

A
  • The more complex the bhvr, the more coding needs to be done
    • The more experience you have with the task, the easier it is to remember
    • If you believe the consequences of reproducing a bhvr will be positive, the more likely you’ll be to do it
51
Q

what do skill deficits in obs. learning often result from

A

poor models

52
Q

3 types of models to help with overcoming deficits

A

Mastery models: experts
Coping models: a model who doesn’t know how to perform task very well
Participant models: observing the model and participating at the same time (hands on learning)

53
Q

why do we pay attention to mastery and coping models?

A

mastery: bc they’re the best
coping: Paying attention because you know you would make the same mistakes and want to learn how to cope with making the mistakes

54
Q

what is motivation based on

A

expectancies of reinforcement/success

55
Q

human agency

A

ppl shape their own life circumstances

56
Q

forethought

A

selection of goals/strategies

57
Q

self-reactiveness

A

assessment of strategies

58
Q

self-reflection

A

awareness of self/goals

59
Q

lack of expectancy of success leads to

A

Disengaging from goal
Shifting to another goal

60
Q

which expectancies help regulate bhvr and goals

A

general

61
Q

tips tp healthy self-regulation

A
  • Be persistent
    • Change goals/strategies if you realize you’re not progressing or are getting burnt out
    • Set challenging but achievable goals
    • The further away you are from your goals (psychologically, not focusing on them), the more abstract your strategies are
      ○ The closer the goal gets, the more anxiety you feel and the clearer your strategies become
    • Everybody “coasts”
      ○ Ex: you get ahead in a class so you put that class off to focus on other things
      A sign of using time efficiently

Psyc of Personality (15 decks)

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