Chapter 7

Question 1

2 main points of Gestalt psych

Answer 1

people seek meaning in their environments/life
emphasizes that the whole is greater than its parts

Question 2

life spaces and its theory

Answer 2

external and internal forces that impact individuals and the relationships b/w them and their env.
ex: school is a life space, home is a life space
field theory

Question 3

cognitive style and theory

Answer 3

what you do with your given info
field theory

Question 4

who invented field theory

Answer 4

kurt lewin

Question 5

types of field dependencies in cognitive styles

Answer 5

dependent: rely on context and environment to solve life space; look more at the whole than the parts
independent: more analytical about the parts than the whole; only focus on immediate/relevant info

Question 6

ppl with which field dependency prefer to work alone and are more socially distanced

Answer 6

independent

Question 7

cognitive complexity

Answer 7

number of elements used to analyze an event

Question 8

increased cognitive complexity is seen in people with which field dependency?

Answer 8

dependent, decreased cog. complexity in field independent people

Question 9

we generally gain more cognitive complexity as we what?

Answer 9

age

Question 10

prototype

Answer 10

basic understanding of a concept

Question 11

script

Answer 11

what we know happens in certain environments
ex: sit down in class, pull out laptop, prof lectures

Question 12

4 types of selves

Answer 12

expected
ideal
feared
possible

Question 13

tasks that we perform can either be a way for us to do what 2 things

Answer 13

showcase our abilities OR opportunities to change our abilities

Question 14

situated social cognition

Answer 14

social processes can change when the situation changes

Question 15

attentional control

Answer 15

attention can be more focused on self, others, env., etc depending on our personality

Question 16

social intelligence

Answer 16

skills about interacting with others

Question 17

points about the personal construct theory

Answer 17

-George Kelly
-says we create our own version of reality
-we look for things in our environment to either confirm/falsify our theories
-we develop dimensions to categorize events and others

Question 18

examples of constructs

Answer 18

fun/not fun
safe/unsafe
nice/unkind

Question 19

explanatory styles

Answer 19

cognitive personality variables that represent how a person perceives the events in their life

Question 20

which type of person has more T cells and natural killer cells

Answer 20

optimists

Question 21

can we learn to be optimistic

Answer 21

yes

Question 22

unrealistic optimism

Answer 22

believing absolutely everything will work out fine without having to do much/anything

Question 23

bhvr potential

Answer 23

likelihood that a particular bhvr will occur in a given situation

Question 24

psychological situation

Answer 24

an individual’s unique combo of potential bhvrs, expectations, reinforcement value and situational constraints

Question 25

2 types of outcome expectancies

Answer 25

specific: particular reward follows a bhvr in a specific situation general: bhvr will be rewarded most of the time

Question 26

self-efficacy

Answer 26

confidence in having the ability to accomplish something

Question 27

which expectancies tend to form our personality?

Answer 27

general

Question 28

some valued secondary reinforcers according to ______

Answer 28

Rotter -recognition status: wanting to be recognized for our competence -dominance -independence -protection dependency: having support from others -love -physical comfort

Question 29

what can decrease reinforcement value?

Answer 29

situational constraint

Question 30

what does self-efficacy depend on?

Answer 30

previous success/failure seeing others be successful at the task verbal encouragement physical arousal AND our interpretation of it

Question 31

locus of control

Answer 31

our perceptions of where the cause of our actions and their consequences originate from

Question 32

internal vs external locus of control

Answer 32

internal: we cause our consequences due to our actions external: outcomes are based on something outside of ourself

Question 33

perceptions can come about based on what

Answer 33

-experience with reinforcement -processing info (those with internal locus pays attention to info important for immediate gratification and long term planning) -effort and control (internal locus ppl put more effort into tasks)

Question 34

which locus ppl feel more stress and burnout

Answer 34

external

Question 35

which locus ppl are generally happier

Answer 35

internal

Question 36

which locus ppl are more socially skilled

Answer 36

internal

Question 37

which culture has more internal locus ppl/which has more external

Answer 37

internal: individualistic external: collectivist

Question 38

illusion of control

Answer 38

some ppl in individualist cultures have such a high internal locus that they can feel like they're in control when really they're not

Question 39

having an illusion of control for a past negative situation can lead to what

Answer 39

depression and guilt

Question 40

primary vs secondary control

Answer 40

primary: the actions I can take to change the situation secondary: the ways I can change how I think about the situation

Question 41

which culture focuses more on primary control/which on secondary?

Answer 41

primary: individualist collectivist: secondary

Question 42

newer generations tend to have which locus of control

Answer 42

external

Question 43

self system

Answer 43

set of cognitive processes by which a person perceives, evaluates and regulates their own bhvrs so it's appropriate to the environment (and helps them achieve their goals)

Question 44

which reinforcers are people most affected by according to social learning theory?

Answer 44

social... lol

Question 45

we pay more attention to models who are:

Answer 45

-similar to us -are powerful and attractive

Question 46

which bhvrs are we most likely to pay attention to/imitate?

Answer 46

-simple bhvrs -ones that are valued by others

Question 47

imitation is especially present in

Answer 47

kids

Question 48

we tend to engage in vicarious learning with people who

Answer 48

we like

Question 49

image and verbal coding

Answer 49

image: seeing cues that tell us to retain info verbal: telling ourselves things to retain info

Question 50

what affects the reproduction of bhvr

Answer 50

- The more complex the bhvr, the more coding needs to be done - The more experience you have with the task, the easier it is to remember - If you believe the consequences of reproducing a bhvr will be positive, the more likely you'll be to do it

Question 51

what do skill deficits in obs. learning often result from

Answer 51

poor models

Question 52

3 types of models to help with overcoming deficits

Answer 52

Mastery models: experts Coping models: a model who doesn't know how to perform task very well Participant models: observing the model and participating at the same time (hands on learning)

Question 53

why do we pay attention to mastery and coping models?

Answer 53

mastery: bc they're the best coping: Paying attention because you know you would make the same mistakes and want to learn how to cope with making the mistakes

Question 54

what is motivation based on

Answer 54

expectancies of reinforcement/success

Question 55

human agency

Answer 55

ppl shape their own life circumstances

Question 56

forethought

Answer 56

selection of goals/strategies

Question 57

self-reactiveness

Answer 57

assessment of strategies

Question 58

self-reflection

Answer 58

awareness of self/goals

Question 59

lack of expectancy of success leads to

Answer 59

Disengaging from goal Shifting to another goal

Question 60

which expectancies help regulate bhvr and goals

Answer 60

general

Question 61

tips tp healthy self-regulation

Answer 61

- Be persistent - Change goals/strategies if you realize you're not progressing or are getting burnt out - Set challenging but achievable goals - The further away you are from your goals (psychologically, not focusing on them), the more abstract your strategies are ○ The closer the goal gets, the more anxiety you feel and the clearer your strategies become - Everybody "coasts" ○ Ex: you get ahead in a class so you put that class off to focus on other things A sign of using time efficiently