Chapter 2

Question 1

2 ways of understanding personality

Answer 1

1. objective methods - researcher has zero influence on results
2. subjective methods - relies on researchers interpretation

Question 2

identity claims

Answer 2

things in someone’s environment that are intended for other people

Question 3

feeling/emotion regulators

Answer 3

things in someone’s environment that are there to make them feel good

Question 4

behavioral residues

Answer 4

the leftovers of your bhvrs

Question 5

experience sampling

Answer 5

immediate sampling of bhvr

Question 6

infomant reports

Answer 6

asking others involved with the individual about their bhvr (for ppl with disabilities and kids mostly)

Question 7

what are clinical interviews used for

Answer 7

assess characteristics associated with abnormal bhvr

Question 8

archival/life outcomes data

Answer 8

examining official documents, journals, social media, etc

Question 9

projective tests

Answer 9

intended to reveal unconscious motives

Question 10

5 categories of projective tests

Answer 10

association techniques - word association, Rorschach
construction techniques - draw a person test, TAT
completion techniques - finish a sentence/comic
arrangement/selection of stimuli
expression techniques

Question 11

physiological measures

Answer 11

autonomic arousal (amygdala and SNS)

Question 12

5 types of response sets

Answer 12

acquiescence - agreeing w/ everything
reactant - disagree with everything
extreme responding - avoid middle of scale
moderate responding - only respond in the middle
social desirability bias - people lie to present themselves in a “good” way

Question 13

lie scales

Answer 13

questions that can indicate if people have a strong social desirability bias

Question 14

what does the Marlowe-Crowne social desirability scale show

Answer 14

people are showing increased levels of individualism and are falling less prey to social desirability

Question 15

reliability

Answer 15

producing the same results over time

Question 16

internal reliability

Answer 16

all items on the scale measure the same thing

Question 17

test-retest reliability

Answer 17

the same individual will produce similar results over time

Question 18

parallel-forms reliability

Answer 18

2 measures the have the same measure/form

Question 19

split-half reliability

Answer 19

make 1 test, divide in 2, administer each half as their own test

Question 20

construct validity

Answer 20

measuring what’s intended to be measured

Question 21

content validity

Answer 21

the items in the measure reflect what’s wanted to be measured

Question 22

face validity

Answer 22

is it obvious what the measure is intending to measure?

Question 23

convergent validity

Answer 23

the measure is highly correlated with another measure that it should be

Question 24

divergent validity

Answer 24

the measure is not highly correlated with measures it should not be

Question 25

value judgements

Answer 25

assuming one whole group is inherently a certain trait/acts a certain way

Question 26

Barnum Effect

Answer 26

when people believe that general descriptions fit their personality, believe in astrology, palm readings, pseudoscience

Question 27

criterion keying approach to developing personality assessments

Answer 27

recognizing that a group of items fit a certain trait

Question 28

nomothetic vs ideographic

Answer 28

nomothetic: pers. characteristics of a group of people ideographic: pers. characteristics of an individual

Question 29

do correlations or experiments look at bhvr in shorter durations

Answer 29

experiments

Question 30

triangulation

Answer 30

using multiple methods for 1 study

Question 31

meta-analysis

Answer 31

summarize all of the findings about whatever you're studying

Question 32

many labs approach

Answer 32

the same experiment conducted in a new physical location can make a study more representative

Question 33

open practice studies

Answer 33

give all relevant information in their published study

Question 34

ways to increase confidence in results

Answer 34

triangulation sufficient sample size replication meta-analysis many labs approach open practices

Question 35

Pirate test

Answer 35

a parent observed how their 2 kids reacted differently to seeing a pirate

Question 36

Affective Communication Test

Answer 36

measure of charisma

Question 37

error variance

Answer 37

variations caused by chance fluctuations

Question 38

Thematic Apperception Test and who created it

Answer 38

common projective test created by Henry Murray and Christine Morgan, participants makes a story about a picture; concerns about reliability and validity

Question 39

criterion validity

Answer 39

whether the measure predicts to outcome criteria

Question 40

3 major sources of bias in pers. assessments

Answer 40

ethnic bias gender bias response sets

Question 41

MMPI

Answer 41

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory; 500 T/F statements, no longer administered in job interviews bc is now considered an invasion of privacy

Question 42

NEO Personality Inventory

Answer 42

5 basic dimensions (OCEAN)

Question 43

Personality Research Form

Answer 43

measures basic needs and motivations (Murray)

Question 44

MBTI

Answer 44

Myers Briggs Type Indicator, based on Carl Jung's theory

Question 45

advantage of Q sorts

Answer 45

items are held constant but the context can change (ex: "now rank them based on your mom, dad, brother, etc.)

Question 46

phrenology

Answer 46

assessing pers. by feeling the bumps of their skull, Franz Joseph Gall

Question 47

EEG

Answer 47

evoked potential, brain waves after a stimulus pres.

Question 48

PET scan

Answer 48

shows brain activity w/ radioactive glucose

Question 49

fMRI

Answer 49

shows brain activity by measuring changes in oxygenated blood flow

Question 50

Francis Galton

Answer 50

pioneered approaches to measure individual differences

Question 51

experience sampling method of assessment

Answer 51

participant makes a note of what they're thinking when they're randomly called/texted

Question 52

Alfred Kinsey

Answer 52

used interviews to probe human sexuality

Question 53

type A

Answer 53

associated w/ men, anger, loud, competition

Question 54

typology vs traits

Answer 54

-1 group or the other (ex: male/female) -people can be more or less of 1 trait

Question 55

expressive style

Answer 55

nonverbal social skills (facial expression, gestures, voice characteristics)

Question 56

who assessed 10yrs worth of a woman's diary to assess her personality

Answer 56

Allport

Question 57

issues with Rorschach tests

Answer 57

concerns about reliability and validity

Question 58

big data

Answer 58

datasets that are so large they can only be analyzed by computers

Question 59

all techniques of assessment are subject to what effect

Answer 59

Barnum

Question 60

personality psyc relies on which type of research the most

Answer 60

quasi-experimental

Question 61

Alfred Binet

Answer 61

developed an intelligence test to help detect intelligence in kids who'd been mislabeled as stupid due to language/hearing deficits