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Psych 1200 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory

A

Collection of several systems that store information in different forms for differing amounts of time

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2
Q

Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

A

3 memory stores: Sensory Memory, Short term memory, long term memory
Stores: Retain information in memory without using it for any specific purpose
Control process: Shift information from one store to another

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3
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Memory store that accurately holds perceptual information for brief amount of time
Iconic (visual)-0.5-1s
Echoic (auditory) -5-10s
Spotlight of attention:
Small amount of information from sensory is sent to STM for further processing
Information out of spotlight not transferred, unlikely to be remembered (change blindness)

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4
Q

Short Term Memory

A

Memory store with limited capacity and duration
Approx 30s
Magical number: 7(+-2)units of info
Chunking
Organizing smaller units of info into larger meaningful units

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5
Q

Long Term Memory

A

(Encoding from STM to LTM)
Holds information for extended-permanent periods of time
Organization:
1.Semantic (meaningful categories)
2. How the word ‘sounds’ and ‘looks’
-tip of the tongue phenomenon
Retrieval: accessing memory LTM and returning to STM

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6
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

People are generally able to recall first few items from a list and last few items, but not middle items

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7
Q

Proactive Inferference

A

First information learned occupies memory
Leaves less resources for newer information to be remembered
(LTM)

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8
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

Recently learned information blocks older memories not yet encoded into LTM
(STM)

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9
Q

During Recall(Primary)

A

Hippocampal Activation
(Formation of LTM)

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10
Q

During Recall(Recency)

A

Brain regions associated with sensory (hearing, vision) more active

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11
Q

Working Memory

A

A model of short term remembering that includes a combination of memory components that can temporarily store small amounts of info for short period of time
Stimuli are encoded in a number of different ways
3 storage components
1. Phonological loop
2. Visuospatial Sketchpad
3. Episodic Buffer

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12
Q

Phonological loop

A

Storage component relying on rehearsal
-store info as sounds or auditory code

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13
Q

Visuospatial Sketchpad

A

Store component that maintains visual images and spatial layouts in Visuospatial code

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14
Q

Episodic Buffer

A

Storage component that combines phonological loop and Visuospatial Sketchpad into story like episodes
Allows you to organize and make sense of incoming stimuli

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15
Q

Central Executive

A

Control center of working memory
Coordinates attention and exchange of info among 3 storage components
Focuses attention on component most relevant to a person’s goals, interests and prior knowledge
Controlled by frontal lobe regions

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16
Q

LTM systems: Declarative (Explicit) Memories

A

Memories we are consciously aware of and can speak about
1. Semantic Memory
-Facts about the world
2. Episodic Memory
-organized as episodes
-first person

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17
Q

LTM memory systems: Non-declarative (implicit) memories

A

Unconscious behaviours
1. Procedural Memory
-learned patterns of muscle movement
2.Classical Conditioning
-potentially unconscious learning associations between two paired events/stimuli

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18
Q

Long Term Potentiation(LTP)

A

Increase in connectivity and communication between nerve cells that fire together
These strengthening synapses may be underlying mechanism allowing memories to form

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19
Q

Consolidation

A

Converting short term memories to long term memories in the brain
Cellular consolidation- connections between neurons becoming more permanent (via LTP)

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20
Q

Cellular Consolidation

A

Evidence suggests hippocampus plays a role in memory consolidation

21
Q

Amnesia

A

Significant loss of at least one form of memory

22
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

Inability to form new memories for events occurring after brain injury
-patient HM
Medial temporal lobes surgically removed (includes hippocampus, amygdala)
Couldn’t transfer new declarative memories from STM-LTM

23
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

Memory for events preceding trauma or injury are lost

24
Q

Memory Storage

A

Time and manner in which info is retained between encoding and retrieval
Active Process> stored memories can be updated regularly
Reconsolidation: Hippocampus functions to update, strengthen or modify existing LTMs

25
Q

Cross cortical storage

A

LT declarative memories distributed through the cortex rather than localized to one brain region
New memories not established these networks more likely to be lost
>following trauma or brain injury

26
Q

Rehearsal

A

Repeating information
Maintenance rehearsal: simply repeating information
Elaborative Rehearsal: thinking about meaning of information

27
Q

Levels of Processing (LOP) framework

A

Our ability to recall information is most directly related to how it was initially processed

28
Q

Shallow Processing

A

Encoding more superficial properties of a stimulus
-sound or spelling of word

29
Q

Deep Processing

A

Encoding information about an item’s specific meaning or function
-Self reference effect
> how does the information relate to you?

30
Q

Retrieval

A

Recognition: Identifying a stimulus or piece of information when presented to you (retrieval cues)
Recall: Retrieving information when asked but without information present during retrieval process

31
Q

Encoding Specificity Principle

A

Retrieval most effective when conditions at time of encoding and retrieval are same
-retrieval cues

32
Q

Context dependent memory

A

Retrieval is more effective when taking place in same physical context as encoding
-increase activity in hippocampus, prefrontal cortex

33
Q

State dependent memory

A

Retrieval more effective when internal state matches state during encoding

34
Q

Mood dependent memory

A

Retrieval more effective when mood matches mood during encoding

35
Q

Emotional memories

A

Emotion-related aspects enhance memory of events
Tend to focus attention on emotional contexts of a scene
Emotion likely contribute to memory consolidation
Emotional arousal unrelated to stimulus can also influence memory consolidation

36
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Hippocampus: Memory consolidation
Amygdala: Activated by emotional memories, Can influence activity in temporal lobe> send input to hippocampus

37
Q

Flashbulb Memories

A

Extremely vivid and detailed memory about an event and conditions surrounding learning of event
Not more accurate than regular memories
Confidence in accuracy increases

38
Q

The Forgetting Curve

A

Most forgetting occurs right away
Rate of forgetting slows to point of almost nothing

39
Q

Schemas

A

Organized clusters of memories that constitute a person’s knowledge/beliefs about events, objects and ideas

40
Q

Self schema

A

Used to organize and encode self relevant info; process info about ourselves

41
Q

Constructive memory

A

Process of remembering events
> first recall a generalized schema, then more specific details

42
Q

Memory Bias

A

Different motivations can influence which schemas we access
Memories have potential to change

43
Q

False memory

A

Remembering events that did not occur or incorrectly recalling details of event

44
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

Information encoded after event can alter/become part of memory of original event

45
Q

Imagination Inflation

A

Increased confidence in false memory following repeated imagining of event

46
Q

Guided Imagery

A

Technique used to recover details of events unable to remember

47
Q

Deese-Roediger-McDermott(DRM) Paridgm

A

Participants study list of highly related words>Semantic associations
List missing critical lure> obvious related word
Participants remember critical lure as part of list> intrusion

48
Q

Recovered Memory

A

Memory of traumatic event suddenly recovered after blocking memory of event for long period of time

Controversy:
Debate about validity of recovered memories

Psych 1200 (16 decks)

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