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Psych 1200 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

Tobacco Use:

A

2021- 12.9% Canadian adults smoke
Down from 19.9% -2012

Associated With:
Lung, mouth, throat cancer
Heart disease
Pulmonary diseases (ex. emphysema)
Life expectancy 7-14 years shorter

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2
Q

Media Exposure

A

Association between smoking in movies and in adolescence (even with confounding variables)
Watching scenes with smoking increase likelihood of smoking after viewing scene
Increase in prevalence of smoking in movies from 1990-2007 associated with higher adolescent smoking rates
Opposite observed as well
-less smoking in movies ->lower adolescent smoking rate

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3
Q

Efforts to Prevent Smoking

A

Banning smoking in public places
-reduces second hand smoke exposure
Increase taxes on tobacco
-raises funds for healthcare and anti-smoking campaigns
Text/pictorial warnings on packaging
-Pictures more effective -> 40% of canadian smokers report graphic warnings motivated them to quit

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4
Q

Social Contagion

A

Spreading of behaviour as result of social interactions
-usually subtle and unintentional
-can apply to smoking, body weight other health related behaviour

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5
Q

Poverty

A

Positive correlation between health and wealth
Wealthy have more access to better health care, greater control over environment
Increased stress associated with poverty, discrimination, other social stressors
-higher rates of depression, anxiety, health problems like heart disease

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6
Q

Prejudice and Discrimination Associated With

A

Increased blood pressure, heart rate
Greater risk of unhealthy behaviours like smoking or substance abuse
Prolonged stress response, increased levels of stress hormones

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7
Q

Family and Social Environment

A

Long-term isolation as dangerous as smoking, obesity, high blood pressure

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8
Q

Social Resilience

A

Ability to keep positive relationships and to endure, recover from social isolation and life stressors
-helps protect from negative health consequences associated with loneliness and social isolation

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9
Q

Proven long-term health benefits of marriage

A

Greater longevity, better mental/physical health
Also result of social support and combined resources
Increased marital/relationship issues associated with higher rates of depression and physical illness

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10
Q

Stress

A

Psychological and physiological reaction that occurs when perceived demands exceed resources to meet those demands

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11
Q

Stressor

A

The event/stimulus
-Can be acute (one time) or chronic (consistent)

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12
Q

Stress Response

A

The experience in response to the event

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13
Q

Appraisal

A

Cognitive act of assessing and evaluating potential threat and demands of an event

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14
Q

Primary Appraisal

A

Perception of potential threat: Is this a threat?
No-No stress
Yes-Physiological stress and emotional reaction

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15
Q

Secondary Appraisal

A

How do I cope with this threat?
-Adequate coping : No more stress
-Inadequate coping: More stress

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16
Q

Cognitive Appraisal Theory of Stress

A

Primary Appraisal
Secondary Appraisal

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17
Q

Stress and Performance

A

Easy tasks-moderate/high arousal helps
Difficult task-low arousal helps
Individual Zone of Optimal Functioning (IZOF)
-range of emotional intensity in which person is most likely to perform at their best

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18
Q

General Adaption Syndrome

A

Theory of stress involving alarm, resistance and exhaustion (see diagram)

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19
Q

Physiology of Stress

A

Stress can be related to variety of sources (biological, cognitive, social…), however, physical responses to stressors are generally similar
General reaction is fight or flight

20
Q

Fight or Flight Response

A

Set of physiological changes that occur in response to psychological or physical threats

21
Q

Stress Pathways in the Brain and Body

A

See diagram

22
Q

Tend and Befriend vs Fight or Flight

A

Tend and Befriend-Seeking out stable friendship networks for support
-may be promoted by release of oxytocin (influences social bonding, among other behaviours)

Some evidences suggests sex differences in stress response type
-Men: Fight or Flight
-Women: Tend and Befriend

23
Q

Stress During Potentially Stressful Marital Interaction Tasks

A

Higher oxytocin and vasopressin levels associated with positive interactions including acceptance, support, self-disclosure, faster healing of minor wound

Lower levels associated with hostility, withdrawal and distress slower healing of minor wound

Intranasal injection of oxytocin promoted more positive constructive behaviour during discussion about marital conflict

24
Q

Oxytocin

A

Inhibits amygdala activity, release of cortisol

25
Q

Vasopressin

A

Also controlled by hypothalamus and pituitary gland, influences levels of stress hormones released by adrenal gland

26
Q

Immunity and Illness

A

Immune system interconnected with nervous system
-Stress and immune responses interact
>acute stressors activate immune system
>chronic stressors suppress immune system

Blood samples taken during medical school final exams (stressful period of time) show reduced immune response

27
Q

Psychoneuroimmunology

A

Study of relationship between immune system and nervous system functioning

28
Q

The Brain and Disease

A

Stress impairs body to respond to vaccines
-complicates long term treatments reliant on vaccines

Stress levels affect cancer progression
-norepinephrine supports cancer cell growth
-cortisol magnifies norepinephrine’s influence on cancer cell growth

Suggests that our mental reactions to stressors can influence body’s response to serious illness

29
Q

Type ‘A’ Personality

A

Tend to be impatient, worry all the time, are easily angered, competitive, highly motivated
-more likely to experience heart attack

30
Q

Type ‘B’ Personality

A

More laid back, patient, easygoing, relaxed

31
Q

Coping

A

Process used to manage demands, stress and conflict

32
Q

Problem-focused Coping

A

Define the problem
Work toward Solution

33
Q

Emotion-focused coping

A

Finding ways to reduce negative effects of emotion

34
Q

Positive Psychology

A

Uses scientific methods to study human strengths and potential (emphasis on positive emotion)

35
Q

Broaden-and-Build Theory of Positive Emotion

A

(Fredrickson)
Positive emotions help people broaden thought processes and build new intellectual, social and physical resources

Positive Emotions: Expand attentional focus to encompass a broader part of the environment, increase creativity and flexible thinking

Negative Emotions: Narrow attentional focus

Positive emotions help us return to normal heart rate faster

36
Q

Optimism

A

Tendency to have favourable constructive view on situation and expect positive outcomes

Correlated with better physical health, lower rates of coronary heart disease

37
Q

Pessimism

A

Tendency to have negative perception of life and expect negative outcomes
Correlated with increased mortality rate (19%)

Pessimistic Explanatory Style: Tendency to interpret and explain negative events as internally based and as a constant, stable quality

Negative Affectivity: Tendency to respond to problems with a pattern of anxiety, hostility, anger, guilt or nervousness

38
Q

Resilience

A

Ability to effectively recover from illness or adversity

39
Q

Factors/circumstances that may contribute to resilience

A

Financial and social resources
Opportunities to rest and relax
Generally positive experiences, circumstances

Person’s personality and emotional characteristics (eg optimism) contribute to resilience

40
Q

Post-Traumatic Growth

A

Capacity to grow and experience long term positive effects in response to negative events

Often associated with feelings of vulnerability, increased feelings of inner strength, appreciation, spirituality, and development of more meaningful and deep relationships

-Growth occurs during coping

41
Q

Meditation

A

Any procedure involving a shift in consciousness to a state in which an individual is highly focused, aware, and in control of mental processes

Associated with reduced levels of anxiety, lowered blood pressure, healthy compassionate behaviour

42
Q

Focused Attention (FA) Meditation

A

Focusing attention on a specific object, or a physical sensation (eg breathing)

43
Q

Open Monitoring (OM) Meditation

A

Focusing attention on moment-by-moment sensations (without focusing on an object in particular)

44
Q

Mediation: Farb et al.

A

When trained mediators focus on thoughts and bodily reactions to a word (experimental focus) in an fMRI: Increase in areas related to perception of bodily senses, and larger decrease in activity in medial prefrontal cortex (related to self-reference)

Suggests this activity helps ‘separate’ ourselves from self narratives

45
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

Learned suppression of avoidance or escape behaviour in response to unpleasant, uncontrollable circumstances

Person/animal learns their actions cannot remove stress, and generalizes this feeling to other situations

46
Q

Stressful Events Perception

A

Controllable: Brainstem produces stress response
Inhibited by frontal lobes

Not Controllable:
Frontal lobes do not inhibit response

47
Q

Compensatory Control

A

Psychological strategies people use to preserve a sense of non-random order when personal control is compromised

Psych 1200 (16 decks)

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