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Psych 1200 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

Study of human physical, cognitive, social and behavioural characteristics span across the lifespan

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2
Q

Cross-sectional design

A

Measures and compares samples of people at different ages at a given point in time
Less expensive and quicker
Subject to Cohort Effects->generational differences

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3
Q

Longitudinal Design

A

Follows development of same set of individuals through time
More expensive and time consuming
Subject to attrition-> dropping out

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4
Q

Embryonic Stage (2 weeks)

A

Nerve cells develop
Layer of specialized cells fold to create neural tube->brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

Embryonic Stage (4 weeks)

A

Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain divisions observable

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6
Q

Embryonic Stage (7 Weeks)

A

Spinal cord development allows movement, strengthening and coordination of limbs

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7
Q

Embryonic Stage (11 Weeks)

A

Cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, brain stem all developed

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8
Q

Embryonic Stage (7 months)

A

Cerebral cortex forms folds and ridges
Myelin builds up around developing nerve cells

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9
Q

Embryonic Stage (9 months/birth)

A

Brain approx 25% size and weight of adult brain
Approx 100 billion neurons (but most connections not established yet)

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10
Q

Fetal Brain Development

A

Vulnerable to harmful environmental influences

Malnutrition in Fetal Stage causes underdeveloped prefrontal cortices and other areas related to self control ->higher prob for attention deficit disorders/impaired emotional control

Teratogens->Substances that impair developmental process
-drugs,alcohol,,environmental toxins

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11
Q

Senses in infancy

A

Taste and olfactory systems developed at birth
Newborns prefer mother’s voice/familiar stories

Approx 1/40th visual acuity of adults (30cm away)
Comparable at 6 months, and at 8 months equal

Prefer to look at stimuli resembling faces

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12
Q

Motor development in infancy

A

Babies with crawl experience have depth perception and danger understanding

Reflexes: Involuntary muscular reactions to specific types of stimulation
-rooting reflex (turning to stimuli in corner of mouth)
-moro reflex (reaching out of arms, then hugging motion; grimacing)
-grasping reflex
-stepping reflex (straighten leg to anticipate pressure on sole of foot)

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13
Q

Central Nervous System Development

A

Myelination of axon occurs rapidly through infancy + childhood
Myelination of sensorimotor systems contribute to voluntary motor control

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14
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

Forming new synaptic connections

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15
Q

Synaptic Pruning

A

Loss of weak nerve cell connections

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16
Q

Cognitive Development

A

Study of changes in memory, thought, and reasoning processes that occur through lifespan

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17
Q

Sensitive Period

A

When exposure to specific types of environmental stimulation is needed for normal development of specific ability
-language acquisition, depth perception, balance, parent recognition, identifying with particular culture

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18
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Studied, tested and measured his own children
Interested in how children think and reason

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19
Q

Piaget’s 2 central processes:

A

Assimilation:Fitting new information into a belief system already possessed
Accommodation: Modifying belief structures based on new experiences

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20
Q

4 Stages of Cognitive Development

A

Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
Preoperational (2-7 years)
Concrete Operational (7-11 years)
Formal Operational (11-adulthood)

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21
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

Thoughts bases on immediate sensory and motor exploration
Object permanence: Objects exist even when not perceived

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22
Q

Preoperational Stage

A

Focused on language development, symbol use, pretend play
Understand object permanence but not abstract thinking
Scale errors
Can count and use numbers but cant manipulate this information (conservation)
Conservation: Knowledge that quantity or amount of object is not same as physical arrangement or appearance of object

23
Q

Concrete Operational Stage

A

Logical thinking and number manipulation skills
Can problem solve and reason with logical concepts BUT logical operations must conform to previous experience and beliefs (Transitivity Property)

24
Q

Formal Operational Stage

A

Advanced cognitive processes like abstract thinking and hypothetical thinking

25
Q

Core Knowledge Hypothesis

A

Infants are born with abilities to understand key aspects of their environment

26
Q

Habituation-dishabituation

A

Habituation: Decrease in responding with repeated exposure to event
Dishabituation: Increase in responding to new stimulus

27
Q

Attachment

A

Enduring emotional bond formed between individuals
Originally thought to be just biological drives (survival)
Motivated by feelings of security and comfort (Harry Harlow’s monkeys)

28
Q

Strange Situation Test

A

Measured human infant attachment
4 Attachment Styles

29
Q

Secure Attachment

A

Occasionally ‘checks in’ with parent while exploring
Some distress when parent leaves, avoids stranger
Seeks comfort from parent when they return

30
Q

Insecure Attachment (Anxious/ambivalent)

A

Exhibits ‘clingy’ behaviour rather than exploration
Very upset when parent leaves, fearful of stranger
Seeks comfort when parent returns, but also resists

31
Q

Insecure (Avoidant)

A

Does not need parent
Unconcerned when parent leaves, unconcerned of stranger
Does not seek contact upon return

32
Q

Disorganized Attachment

A

Instability
Views parent as source of comfort and fear
Switches between seeking comfort, resisting and freezing

33
Q

Self Awareness

A

Ability to recognize one’s own individuality
Children start egocentrically focused
Eventually develop ‘Theory of Mind’: Aware of differences with others
Arises as children understand and interpret their own internal mental or emotional states and attribute to others

34
Q

Erik Erikson’s 8 Stages (First 4)

A

Infancy: Trust vs mistrust
Toddlerhood: Autonomy vs Shame
Early Childhood: Initiative vs Guilt
Childhood: Industry vs Inferiority

35
Q

Puberty

A

Begins at 11 years for girls and 13 for boys
Hypothalamus>Pituitary Gland>Release of hormones (estrogen/testosterone)>development of primary and secondary sex traits

36
Q

Sex Traits

A

Primary: Directly related to reproduction
eg. spermarche, menarche
Secondary:Indirectly related to reproduction
Release of hormones associated with major changes in brain and emotional experiences

37
Q

Adolescence

A

More likely for risky and impulsive behaviour
-glorification of high risk behaviour
-peer pressure
-independence from parental supervision
Cognitive control systems (prefrontal cortex) developing while reward fully developed
Presence of others can reduce frontal lobe activity

38
Q

Moral Development

A

Preconventional Morality
Conventional Morality
Postconventional Morality

Moral reasoning doesn’t predict actual behaviour

39
Q

Identity

A

One’s sense of the kind of person they are, what types of people they belong to, and their roles in society
Stage 5:
Adolescence: Identity vs Role Confusion

40
Q

Gender Identity

A

Transgender
Dysphoria: Anxiety/discomfort for birth sex
Prenatal hormones may help determine sexual orientation

41
Q

Social Development

A

Peer Groups: Common social and behavioural interests, goals, conventions
Social exclusion causes shame, worthlessness, inferiority, difficulty establishing identity
Romantic Relationships: Safety and security needs switch to physical and emotional intimacy

42
Q

Emerging Adult 3 Main areas of personal growth

A

Relationships
New possibilities
Personal Strength

43
Q

Early/Middle adulthood

A

Minor physical development
Menopause(50 years)
-reduction of estrogen, progesterone, hot flashes, sleep disruptions, mood changes
Testosterone and sexual motivation declines in men

44
Q

Adult stages

A
  1. Young Adulthood: Intimacy vs Isolation
  2. Adulthood: Generativity vs Stagnation
45
Q

Love and Marriage

A

Committed long term relationship:
-greater health, longer life, happier
40% marriages end in divorce

46
Q

Gottman’s Love Lab

A

Observed couples interacting
Could predict divorce with 94% accuracy

47
Q

4 Horsemen of Relationship Apocalypse

A

Criticism
Defensiveness
Contempt
Stonewalling

48
Q

Parental and Marital Satisfaction

A

Within 2 years of having children, decline in marital satisfaction (larger for high SES and young parents)
Increases after children leave home

49
Q

Socioemotional Selectivity Theory

A

Older adults select more positive and nourishing experiences
More attention to positive
Participate in activities emphasizing positive emotions and meaningful connections with others

50
Q

Late Adulthood Stage:

A
  1. Aging Ego integrity vs Despair
51
Q

Aging

A

Neurodegeneration
General reduction in grey an white matter volume in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex
Decline in Gf
More widespread activation when performing tasks (ineffective cognitive strategies)

52
Q

Dementia

A

14% of people over 71
Mild-severe disruption of mental functioning, memory loss, disorientation, poor judgement and decision making

53
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

Caused by buildup of protein (plaques) and/or neurofibrillary tangles in brain

54
Q

Erikson’s Stages

A

Infancy: Trust vs mistrust
Toddlerhood: Autonomy vs Shame
Early Childhood: Initiative vs Guilt
Childhood: Industry vs Inferiority
Adolescence: Identity vs Role Confusion
Young Adulthood: Intimacy vs Isolation
Adulthood: Generativity vs Stagnation
Aging: Ego integrity vs Despair

Psych 1200 (16 decks)

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