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Psych 1200 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning

A

Process of behaviour/knowledge changing as a result of experience
-Classical Conditioning(Association)
-Operant Conditioning(Consequences)
-Cognitive and Observational

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2
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Organism learns to associate neutral stimulus with a biologically relevant stimulus, changing response to neutral stimulus

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3
Q

US UR

A

Unconditioned Stimulus
-Reflexive response without prior learning
Unconditioned Response
-Reflexive, unlearned reaction to unconditional stimulus

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4
Q

NS

A

Neutral stimulus
Does not produce reflexive response
No learned relationship

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5
Q

CS CR

A

Conditioned Stimulus
-Once neutral stimulus produces conditioned response from pairing history with US
Conditioned Response
-newly learned response to conditioned stimulus

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6
Q

Hebb Rule

A

If a weak connection between neurons a and b fire same time as strong connection between C and B, A and B become stronger

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7
Q

Acquisition

A

Initial phase in learning where response is established
-pairing NS with US
-predictability is important

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8
Q

Extinction

A

Reduction of conditioned response when a conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are no longer paired
-networks in brain for condition may be preserved
-spontaneous recovery: reoccurrence of previously extinguished conditioned response

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9
Q

Stimulus Generalization

A

Response originally occurring for specific stimulus occurs for different but similar stimulus
May result when activation of brain’s representation of stimulus activated a representation of related stimuli

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10
Q

Stimulus Discrimination

A

Organism learns to respond to one original conditioned stimulus but now new, similar ones
(Need experience to discriminate)

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11
Q

Conditioned Emotional Responses

A

Emotional and physiological responses to specific objects or situations
Amygdala-draws attention and flags events
Hippocampus-learns

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12
Q

Fear Conditioning: Preparedness

A

Biological predisposition to quickly learn response to particular type of stimuli (danger)

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13
Q

Fear Conditioning: Conditioned Taste Aversion

A

Acquired dislike or disgust for food or drink paired with illness

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14
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Behaviour is influenced by consequences
Voluntary actions and resulting consequences
1. Response/action
2. consequence

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15
Q

Contingency

A

Consequence depends on an action
Reinforcement increases behaviour
Punishment decreases behaviour

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16
Q

Reinforcement

A

An event or reward following a response increases likelihood of response again

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17
Q

Law of Effect

A

Responses followed by satisfaction occur again in same situation
Ones that don’t become less likely

18
Q

Reinforcer

A

Stimulus presenter after particular response that increases probability of repetition

19
Q

Punishment

A

Decrease in future probability of response
Punisher: stimulus presented after particular response that decreases probability of response again

20
Q

Reinforcements

A

Positive Reinforcement-strengthens behaviour after potential reinforcers

Negative Reinforcement-strengthens behaviour by removing or decreasing stimulus
>Avoidance Learning: removes possibility of negative stimulus
>Escape Learning: Removes already present negative stimulus

21
Q

Punishment

A

Positive Punishment-Behaviour decreases in frequency due to particular consequence

Negative Punishment-Behaviour decreases to remove or diminish unwanted consequence

22
Q

ABA(Applied Behaviour Analysis)

A

Use close observation, promoting and reinforced to teach behaviour
Usually used when people experience difficulties and challenges as a result of developmental condition

23
Q

2 Reinforcers

A

Primary Reinforcer: Reinforcing stimuli that satisfy basic motivational needs affecting individual’s ability to survive and reproduce

Secondary Reinforcer: Stimuli becomes reinforcer with learned value

24
Q

Nucleus Accumbens

A

Activated when processing reward
Lots of dopamine receptors

Variability in this area results in differences in motivational drives

Reward triggers dopamine release in basal ganglia and medial frontal lobes

25
Q

Discriminative Stimulus

A

A cue indicating that a response will be reinforced

26
Q

Discrimination

A

Organism learns to respond to one original discriminative stimulus but not to new similar stimulus

27
Q

Generalization

A

Operant response occurs to new stimulus similar to stimulus in original learning

28
Q

Extinction

A

Weakening of operant response when reinforcement no longer available

29
Q

Differences

A

Both: Discrimination, generalization, extinction
Classical- Strengthening of synapses
Operant-Dopamine release patterns

30
Q

Schedules of Reinforcement

A

Continuous reinforcement
-every response reinforced
Partial (intermittent) reinforcement
-only some reinforced or reinforcement occurs after certain amount of time

31
Q

Fixed-Ratio

A

Reinforcement occurs after specific number of responses completed

32
Q

Variable-Ratio

A

Number of responses required varies according to an average

33
Q

Fixed Interval

A

Reinforces first response after set amount of time passes

34
Q

Variable Interval

A

First response reinforced following variable amount of time

35
Q

Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement

A

Ratio schedules tend to generate higher levels of responding

Partial Reinforcement Effect
-Organisms conditioned under partial reinforcement resist extinction longer than those under continuous reinforcement

36
Q

S-R theory (Stimulus Response theory)

A

Thoughts were based on stimulus response patterns that an organism had learned throughout its life : thinking is a form of behaviour

37
Q

S-O-R (Stimulus Organism Response) theory

A

Each organism thinks about a situation in a different way, based on their own cognitive interpretation

38
Q

Latent learning

A

Learning not immediately expressed by a response until organism is reinforced to do so
Suggests individuals do more thinking than showed in classic operant conditioning studies

39
Q

Observational Learning

A

Changes in behaviour and knowledge result from watching others
Involves:
-attention
-memory
-practice
-motivation

40
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

Associated with planning actions
Become active when performing action and observing others perform action
Sensitive to purpose or goal of imitated action
May help understand others’ emotional states, facilitate observational learning

Psych 1200 (16 decks)

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