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Psych 1200 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

Kurt Lewin

A

Behaviour = function of the Person and the Environment

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2
Q

Synchrony

A

Occurs when two individuals’ speech, language, and physiological activity become similar during social interaction

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3
Q

Mimicry

A

Copying behaviours, emotional displays and facial expressions of others
-usually unconscious
-serves as ‘social glue’ (helps coordinate behaviour in social settings)

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4
Q

Social Norms

A

Guidelines for behaviour in social contexts
Why we follow them:
-Social approval, social pressure, avoid ostracism:Being ignored or excluded from social contact
-powerful form of social pressure
-anger, sadness, low self esteem, self confidence, violence

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5
Q

Social Roles

A

Guidelines that apply to specific positions within the group
ex: parent, child, student ,professor, stanford prison experiment

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6
Q

Social Loafing

A

Member of group puts less effort working on a task than others

Factors encouraging
Low efficacy beliefs
Believing one’s contribution isnt important
Not caring about outcome
Feeing like others arent trying either

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7
Q

Social facilitation

A

A group member’s performance is affected by presence of others
-ex racing against bikers
-ants digging more when working with other ants

Presence of others may also impair performance when task is hard or skill level is low
-presence for others emotionally arousing:more distraction for novices than experts

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8
Q

Conformity

A

Change in behaviour to fit in group
Can be unintentional
Similar to mimicry

Solomon Asch conformity studies

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9
Q

Normative Influence

A

Social pressure to adopt group’s perspective to be accepted (public compliance)

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10
Q

Informational Influence

A

Genuine interest in information provided by group (private acceptance)

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11
Q

Factors for Conforming

A

Larger group
Friends, family or acquaintances in vicinity
Task unclear/ambiguos
Others conform first
Responses made publicly

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12
Q

Groupthink

A

Decision making problem where group members avoid arguments and strive for agreement

-May minimize/ignore potential problems, risks
-May settle on ‘easy’ solution too quickly without considering better options
-May lead to overconfidence and less time considering consequences of decision, learning mistakes

Usually occurs with one strong leader unwilling to accept ideas of other group members, or when all members have similar ideas

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13
Q

Stanley Milgram Obedience Studies

A

Variatons:
-experimenter in different room
-teacher and learner in same room
-requiring teacher to physically shock learner (all these made obedience ~30%)

-three teachers (two confederates and one experimenter)
-when confederates stop, participants agreed

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14
Q

Bystander Effect

A

Individual less likely to help others when others around also arent
‘Bystander apathy’
eg. Kitty Genovese

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15
Q

Latane and Darley

A

Participant engaged in conversation with 1,2 or 3 others via intercom

During conversation one ‘has seizure’

More confederates involved in conversation, longer participants took to react

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16
Q

Explanations of Bystander Effect

A

Normative influences: What if I embarrass myself

Informational Influences: What if others know something I don’t?

Diffusion of Responsibility: Reduced sense of personal responsibility when more people

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17
Q

Altruism

A

Helping others with need without receiving or expecting reward
Counterintuitive to natural/sexual competition

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18
Q

Kin selection

A

Strategy favouring reproductive success of relatives
-Hamilton’s rule, green beard gene

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19
Q

Social Cognition

A

Combines influence of social context and cognition (thought process)

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20
Q

Dual-Process Model

A

Behaviour model accounting for both implicit and explicit processes

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21
Q

Explicit Process

A

Conscious thought
-deliberate, effortful,slow,under intentional control

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22
Q

Implicit Process

A

Unconscious thought
-intuitive, automatic, effortless, fast, outside of intentional control, lower level processes, can lead to bias/stereotypes

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23
Q

Schemas

A

Organized clusters of knowledge, beliefs and expectations
-influence our attention and perceptual processes>biases

24
Q

Heuristics

A

‘Best guess’ problem solving strategies based on prior experiences

25
Q

1Person Perception

A

Process by which individuals categorize and form judgements about other people
Can occur very quickly (unconsciously)-first impressions
-‘Thin slices’ of behaviour: Small samples of person’s behaviour
-eg, judgements about sexual orientation, political affiliation

26
Q

Self-Fulfilling Prophecies

A

First impression/expectation affects one’s behaviour>affects other person’s behaviour>leads to confirming original impression/expectation

27
Q

Naïve Realism

A

Assumption that our perceptions of reality are accurate and we see things the way they are
Us vs Them

28
Q

False Consensus Effect

A

Tendency to project one’s self concept onto social world

29
Q

Self-Serving Biases

A

Biased way of processing self-relevant info to enhance positive self-evaluation
(taking credit for success, blaming others, circumstances or bad luck for failures)

30
Q

Better than Average Effect

A

Assuming we are above average at skills/qualities important to us

31
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

Tendency to over-emphasize internal attributions and under-emphasize external factors to explain others’ behaviour

32
Q

Internal Attributions

A

Dispositional Attributions
Behaviour of another person is an innate quality

33
Q

External Attributions

A

Situational Attributions
Behaviour of another person is result of situation

34
Q

Ingroups

A

Groups someone feels positively toward and identifies with

35
Q

Ingroup Bias

A

Extension of a positive bias toward the self to include one’s ingroup

36
Q

Outgroups

A

‘Other’ groups someone doesn’t identify with, or dis-identifies with

37
Q

Stereotype

A

Cognitive structure (schema) that guides how we process info about social world

Set of beliefs about characteristics of specific social group

Can be negative or positive: Both can be harmful

38
Q

Prejudice

A

Emotionally charged response to outgroup members
Includes holding negative attitudes and making critical judgements of other groups

39
Q

Discrimination

A

Behaviour that disadvantages members of certain social group

40
Q

Implicit Associations Test

A

Measures how fast people can respond to images or words flashes on a computer screen

Reaction time scores correlate with activation in amygdala (emotion processing, fear response)

41
Q

Improving Intergroup Relations

A

People’s implicit networks can be ‘reprogrammed’ with practice

-eg training to replace internal/dispositional attributes with external/situational attributions

Can help avoid stereotypical thinking

42
Q

Contact Hypothesis

A

Social contact between members of different groups is extremely important to overcoming prejudice

Better when:
Both groups have equal status and power
Meeting involves cooperating on tasks or pursuing common goals

43
Q

The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)

A

Dual-process model of persuasion that predicts whether factual info or other types of info will be most influential

Explicit vs implicit thinking

When audience not interested/has to make quick choice: less rational (implicit) thinking

44
Q

Central Route to Persuasion

A

Focuses on facts, logic and content of message
Audience needs both motivation and time to think rationally about message

45
Q

Peripheral Route to Persuasion

A

Focuses on features of issue/presentation that are not factual
-attractiveness of person delivering message, # of arguments made
-style vs substance of argument

46
Q

Tips for Central Route

A

Make sure message is being presented clearly in accessible manner

-confusing cognitively challenging topics can promote feelings of insecurity, frustration and apathy (curse of knowledge)

47
Q

Tips for Peripheral Route

A

Use of experts/authority figures, high-status individuals
Use likeable communicators (attractiveness)
Social validation
-other people listen to this message, you should too
-new your times #1 bestseller, billboard 100 charts…

48
Q

Construal-Level Theory

A

Information affects us differently depending on psychological distance from information

Messages more personal feeling are more successful motivators

-geographical distance, temporal distance, social distance, degree of specificity, certainty

49
Q

Identifiable Victim Effect

A

People act more by story of single person suffering than a whole group

50
Q

Experiential System

A

Operates quickly, implicitly, intuitively, mostly emotional
-intuition and feelings

51
Q

Analytic System

A

Operates explicitly, slower and more methodical, uses logic to understand reality
-understanding

52
Q

Reciprocity

A

Strong social norm to repay others
(Door-in-the-Face Technique)
-ask for something big
-follow with smaller request (usually initial goal)

53
Q

Consistency

A

Hard to say no after sating yes
(Foot-in-the-Door Technique)
-make simple request
-after they say yes, follow with larger request

54
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

Inner tension, discomfort felt when we hold inconsistent beliefs
Motivates us to reduce this tension

55
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

Only searching for evidence confirming one’s beliefs

56
Q

Self-Justification

A

Justifying or excusing one’s behaviours

Psych 1200 (16 decks)

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