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Psych 1200 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychology Definition

A

The study of behaviour, thought and experience, and how they can be affected by physical, mental, social and environmental factors.

Examines the individual as a product of multiple influences (biopsychosocial)

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2
Q

The Scientific Method?

A

A way of learning about the world through collecting observations, making theories to explain them, and using the theories to make predictions.

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3
Q

Theories:

A

-generate hypotheses
-explain phenomenon
-not the same as beliefs (are tested)

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4
Q

Hypotheses

A

-testable prediction about process that can be observed and measured
-is falsifiable
-cannot technically be proved (only confirmed and reinforced)

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5
Q

Scientific Literacy

A

Knowledge Gathering-What do we know?
Critical Thinking- Can we critically evaluate the evidence?
Application- Is this important?
Scientific Explanation- How can science explain this?

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6
Q

Empiricism

A

Knowledge about the world gathered through careful observation.
We understand behaviour by making observations and testing hypotheses (empirical research)

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7
Q

Determinism

A

Events are governed by cause and effect relationships.
Occur at different levels (biological, motivational, habitual…)

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8
Q

History of Studying Behavior

A

-Ancient Egyptian doctors described behavioural changes following head trauma
-Greek (Hippocrates) and Roman (Galen of Pergamon) physicians developed 4 humours/ temperaments theory of personality
-Adoption of scientific method
-Materialism/Dualism

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9
Q

Materialism

A

Belief that humans and other living beings are composed exclusively of physical matter

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10
Q

Dualism

A

There are properties of humans that are not material

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11
Q

Gustav Fechner (Influences from Physics)

A

Psychophysics- Study of relationship between the physical world and the mental representation of the world

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12
Q

Charles Darwin (Influences from Evolutionary Theory)

A

-Natural Selection
-Genetically inherited traits that contribute to survival and reproductive success are more likely to be passed on
-Traits will differ across environments

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13
Q

Localization of Brain Function (Influences from Medicine)

A

-Idea that certain parts of the brain control specific mental abilities and personality characteristics
-Phrenology
-Brain Injuries

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14
Q

Phrenology

A

Mental traits and dispositions can be determined by examining the surface of the skull (27 organs)

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15
Q

Brain Injuries

A

Paul Broca- Left frontal lobe: Spoken language production
Karl Wernicke- Left hemisphere: Language Comprehension
Phineas Gage- Frontal lobe damage: impulsiveness, child like behaviour

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16
Q

Sigmund Freud (Influences From Medicine)

A

-Intrigued by hypnosis
-Psychoanalysis
-Believed unconscious mind contained
-forgotten memories
-sexual and aggressive urges
-Psychoanalysis allowed direct access to mind
-Recognized unconscious mental activity
-Used medical model to treat disorders of thought, emotion and behaviour
-Recognized evolutionary influences
-Recognized importance of early life experiences

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17
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Attempts to explain how unconscious processes influence behaviour and personality

18
Q

Sir Francis Galton (Influence of Social Sciences)

A

-Measured perception, used statistical analysis to study behaviour
-Interested in individual experiences of people
-Nature vs Nurture (on nature side)
-Eminence
-Theories used to justify eugenic movements

19
Q

Eminence

A

Combination of ability, morality and achievements that ran in family

20
Q

Wilhelm Wundt (Beginnings of Contemporary Psychology)

A

-First laboratory dedicated to study of human behaviour
-Used introspection (to look within)
-Sensation and Perception
-Reaction time studies
-Measured how experimental manipulations affected mental events
-Mental activities not instantaneous

21
Q

Edward Titchener (Beginnings of Contemporary Psychology)

A

-Structuralism
-Analysis of conscious experience by breaking it down into basic elements, and to understand how these elements work together
-Mental experiences are made of a limited number of sensations

22
Q

Structuralism

A

-Analysis of conscious experience by breaking it down into basic elements, and to understand how these elements work together

23
Q

William James (Beginnings of Contemporary Psychology)

A

-Wrote first psych textbook (The Principles of Psychology)
-Interested in how our thoughts and actions help us adapt to our environment
-Functionalism

24
Q

Functionalism

A

-Study of the purpose and function of behaviour and conscious experience
-Behaviour is understood by determining the purpose it served over the course of evolution
-Why do we behave the way we do?

25
Q

Edwin Twitmyer (Behaviourism)

A

-Classic conditioning
-Behaviourism

26
Q

Behaviourism

A

-Singular focus on studying only observable behaviour
-Little or no reference to mental events or instincts

27
Q

Edward Thorndike (Behaviourism)

A

-Behavioural changes based on the type of consequences

28
Q

John B.Watson (Behaviourism)

A

Only observable changes in the environment and behaviour appropriate for scientific study

29
Q

B.F. Skinner (Behaviourism)

A

Radical behaviourism: Foundation of behaviour is the response to reward and punishment

30
Q

Hermann Ebbinghaus (The Cognitive Revolution)

A

Studied memory; remembering and forgetting (used himself to train memory with lots of words)

31
Q

Frederick Bartlett (The Cognitive Revolution)

A

Cultural knowledge and previous experience influence our memories

32
Q

Noam Chomsky (The Cognitive Revolution)

A

Aspects of language are too complex for behaviourism

33
Q

Gestalt Psychology (The Cognitive Revolution)

A

Emphasizes focus on the whole of perception and experience rather than its parts

34
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

Modern psychological perspective focusing on processes such as memory, thinking and language

35
Q

Social Psychology

A

-Study of influence of other people on our behaviours
-Behaviour is a function of the individual and the environment

36
Q

Personality Psychology

A

Study of how different personality characteristics can influence how we think act

37
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A

-Focuses on the unique aspects of each individual human, beyond their conditioning (behaviourism) and unconscious motivations (psychoanalysis)
-Freedom to act, rational thought
-Meaning of personal experience

38
Q

Donald Hebb (Brain and Behaviour)

A

Hebb’s law: Cells that fire together wire together

39
Q

Wilder Penfield (Brain and Behaviour)

A

-Mapping of sensory and movement brain regions
-Subjective experience represented in the brain

40
Q

Emerging Themes in Psychology

A

-Psychology of Women
-How human behaviour differs across cultures (WEIRD)
-Brain imaging
-Psychology in the ‘real world’ (vs all and facilities)
-Psychology in the digital world

Psych 1200 (16 decks)

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