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Psych 1200 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Goals of Reading and Evaluating Scientific Research

A

-Emphasis on critical thinking
-Objectivity

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2
Q

Quality Scientific Research

A

-Based on objective, valid and reliable measurements
-Is generalizable
-Uses techniques to reduce bias
-Is public
-Can be replicated

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3
Q

Objective Measurements

A

Consistent measurements across instruments and observers

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4
Q

Validity

A

Degree to which an instrument or procedure measures intended measurements

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5
Q

Reliability

A

Consistency in measurements across multiple observations or points in time

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6
Q

Tips for Generalizability

A

-Use large sample size
-Random vs convenient
-Natural environment (Want to be as natural as possible)

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7
Q

Examples of Bias

A

-Researcher Bias
-Subject / Participant Bias
-Hawthorne Effect (change in behaviour due to being observed)

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8
Q

Reducing Bias

A

-Anonymity, confidentiality, placebo
-Using ‘blind’ procedures

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9
Q

Single Blind Study

A

Participants don’t know purpose or treatment/condition they have

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10
Q

Double Blind Study

A

Both participants and experimenters don’t know exact treatment/ conditions

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11
Q

Publicity

A

Publishing in academic journals

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12
Q

Replication Crisis

A

-Older studies are hard to replicate and/or give differing results
-publication bias (pressure for exciting results, reduced motivation for replication of research)

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13
Q

Poor Scientific Research Traits

A
  1. Untestable hypothesis (unfalsifiable)
  2. Anecdotal/reliant on subjective experience
  3. Biased selection on data (selective data reporting)
  4. Reliance on authority, not scientific evidence
  5. Reliance on common sense, not scientific evidence
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14
Q

Descriptive Research

A

-Qualitative Research: Examines issue/behaviour without numerical measurement
-Quantitative Research: Examines issue/behaviour with numerical measurement/statistics

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15
Q

Case Studies

A

An in depth report about the details of a specific case

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16
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Unobtrusively observing and examining behaviour in its natural environment

17
Q

Surveys and Questionnaires

A

-face to face interviews
-phone surveys
-paper and pencil tests
-web based questionnaire
-allows assessment of attitudes, opinions, beliefs and abilities
-Note: participant bias, validity (questions giving answers to right things), questionable truthfulness

18
Q

Correlation Research

A

-Measuring degree of association between 2+ variables
-positive (🔼🔼 🔽🔽)
-negative (🔼🔽)
-magnitude ranges from -1(negative correlation) to 1(positive correlation)
-0 = no correlation

19
Q

Problems of Correlation Research

A

-Third variable (Something else could be the cause)
-Spurring correlations (coincidental correlation)

20
Q

Experimental Research Design

A

-Random assignment for test groups (sample divided into groups with equal likelihood for placement in each experimental condition)
-increased experimental control

21
Q

Types of Experimental Research

A

-Between-Subjects design
-Within-Subjects design

22
Q

Between-Subjects Design

A

Compares performance/score between different groups
-Treatment group vs non-treatment group at the same time

23
Q

Within-Subjects Design

A

The same participants experience all treatments
-Treatment 1 vs Treatment 2 at different times

24
Q

Quasi-Experimental Research Designs

A

-not random assignment
-groups being compared are selected based on pre-determined characteristics

25
Q

Strengths and Limits of Each Research Design

A

Case Studies-Detailed, but not generalizable (single subject focus)

Naturalistic Observation- Detailed description of subjects in natural environment, but poor control over influential variables

Surveys/Questionnaires- Quick, convenient, large sample size, poor control and uncertain honesty

Correlation Studies- Shows strength of relationship between variables, but no cause and effect

Experiment- Tests for cause and effect, good control, but risk of not being general to real-world situations

26
Q

Research Ethics Board (REB)

A

Committee of researchers and officials at an institution responsible for protection of human research participants
-risks must be outweighed by benefits
-no great harm for participants, or prevention for harm

27
Q

Examples of Bad Conduct

A

-Little Albert
-Milgram’s Obedience Studies
-Stanford Prison Experiment

28
Q

Ethics

A

-Informed consent
-Debriefing must occur after study, especially with deception
-Anonymity and confidentiality
-Collection, storage, reporting of data
-Animal welfare (check with animal ethics board)

29
Q

Hypothesis Test

A

A statistical method of evaluating whether differences are meaningful

30
Q

2 Possible Outcomes to Experiments

A

-null hypothesis: no significant difference
-experimental/alternative hypothesis: significant difference

31
Q

Statistical Significance

A

If probability (p) of results being chance is 5% or greater (p > 0.05), results are not significant

Otherwise, results are significant

Psych 1200 (16 decks)

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