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Psych 1200 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Motivation

A

Physiological and psychological processes underlying initiation of behaviours directing organism to a specific goal

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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

Body’s physiological process to maintain consistent internal states in response to outer environment

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3
Q

Drive

A

Biological trigger that tells us we may be deprived of something and causes us to seek it

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4
Q

Incentives

A

Stimuli we seek out in order to reduce drives

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5
Q

Allostasis

A

Motivation from anticipating future needs

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6
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Nuclei on bottom of brain involved in regulating motivation and homeostasis via hormones
Sensitive to changes in glucose
Lateral:On
Ventromedial:Off
Paraventricular:Inhibits

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7
Q

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

A

Emotional processing
Activated by fatty foods

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8
Q

Orbitofrontal Cortex

A

Links food taste, texture with feelings of reward

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9
Q

Cognitive Influences for food

A

Unit Bias: Assumption that the unit of sale or portion size is appropriate amount to consume
Marketing

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10
Q

Social Context for food

A

Social Facilitation: Eating more for particular role or expectation
Impression Management: Eating less to seem polite
Modelling: Eating what someone else is to fit in

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11
Q

Obesity

A

Food intake exceeds energy expenditure
60% males and 45% females overweight

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12
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

Self starvation
Intense fear of weight gain and body dissatisfaction
Denial of health issues associated with low weight

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13
Q

Bullimia Nervosa

A

Periods of food deprivation, binging, purging
Impulsive
More likely to enter treatment programs

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14
Q

Disorders of Eating

A

Higher levels of stress
Perceived loss of control
Lack of control implicates development of disorder
Social factors: Peers, friends family, social media

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15
Q

Effects of Eating Disorders

A

Anorexia: Increased amygdala activity (fear, emotional arousal) with words related to body image
Bulimia: Increased activity in medial frontal lobes (emotional processing) when presented images of overweight bodies compared to thin ones
General: Activation in insula (disgust) when compared to idealized models

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16
Q

Libido

A

Motivation for sexual activity and pleasure

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17
Q

Intrasexual Selection

A

Members of same sex competing for mating opportunities with opposite sex
Evolutionarily advantageous

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18
Q

Intersexual Selection

A

Members of one sex selecting partners based on desirable traits
Typically males attract females

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19
Q

Mate Selection

A

People prefer mates appearing healthy (more fertile, good genes)

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20
Q

Sex-Specific Differences

A

Women value strong financial prospects, status, good health
Men value physical beauty youth, reproduction

21
Q

Sexual Response Cycle

A

Excitement>Plateu>Orgasm>Resolution
Influenced by hypothalamus
Sexual stimulation>Hypothalamus>Pituitary Gland> Oxytocin release

22
Q

Gender Roles

A

Accepted attitudes and behaviours of males and females in a society

23
Q

Sexual Scripts

A

Rules and assumptions about sexual behaviour of males and females

24
Q

Sex Guilt

A

Negative emotional feelings for having violated culturally accepted standards for sexual behaviour

25
Q

Changes in Scripts and Roles

A

Women’s rights movement
More women in workforce
Effective contraception

26
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

Self-actualization: Point where person reaches full potential as creative deep thinking accepting human being
Criticisms: Level basis too simple
Biased towards individualistic western culture

27
Q

Affiliation Motivation

A

To maintain relationships involving pleasant feelings like warmth, affection, appreciation, mutual concern
Sense of being in permanent relationship
Loneliness is risk factor for heart disease, cancer, hypertension, impaired immune system, high stress

28
Q

Terror Management Theory

A

Humans’ fear of mortality motivates behaviours preserving self esteem and sense of belonging

29
Q

Love

A

Passionate Love: Physical and emotional longing for other person
-associated with areas in brain related to physical reward. and insula (sensitive to internal bodily feelings)

Companionate Love: Tenderness and affection felt when lives are connected
-influences long term stability of relationship

30
Q

Love in the Brain

A

May be goal oriented state like hunger
Caudate Nucleus: Related to experiencing rewards (dopamine)

31
Q

Achievement Motivation

A

Drive to perform at high levels and accomplish significant goals

32
Q

Approach Goals

A

Enjoyable and pleasant incentives that draw a person to particular behaviour

33
Q

Avoidance Goals

A

Attempt to avoid unpleasant outcome

34
Q

Self Determination Theory

A

Individual’s ability to achieve goals and psychological well being is influenced by degree of control they have over their behaviours

35
Q

3 Universal Needs

A

Relatedness: Feelings of connection
Autonomy: Feeling in control
Competence: Satisfaction when performing a task at skill level
-skill efficacy: individual’s confidence to plan and execute an action to solve a problem

36
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A

Performance Motive: Focused on rewards, public recognition, avoiding embarrassment
Loses some autonomy
Amotivational: Little to no motivation for behaviour

37
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

Mastery Motive: Genuine, internal motivation to perform behaviours, overcome challenges
Unrelated to potential for reward/outside validation

38
Q

3 Components of Behaviour

A

Subjective thought/experience
Patterns of neural activity and physical arousal
Observable behavioural expression

39
Q

Initial Response

A

Emotion dependent responses occur within 150 ms of sensing potential threat
-identify presence (quicker) without needing to consciously identify it (slower)
Amygdala receives sensory input 200 ms after emotional stimulus appears

40
Q

Amygdala

A

Group of nuclei in medial portion of temporal lobe, sensitive to emotionally arousing stimuli
-especially sensitive to fear-relevant images and sounds
Sends feedback to sensory areas (visual, auditory cortices): more attention toward potentially threatening stimulus

41
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Threatening emotional stimuli trigger brain areas involved in planning movement and several regions of spinal cord
Trigger sympathetic system

42
Q

Emotional Regulation

A

Frontal lobes receive information from amygdala and other sensory areas
Determine if emotional response is valid
Generate next appropriate behaviour
Otherwise, decrease SNS response

43
Q

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

A

Physiological reactions come before emotional experience
Perception of fearful stimulus>Physiological reaction>Brain receives feedback>Brain creates fear

44
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

A

Brain interprets situation, generates subjective emotional feelings, which trigger physiological responses in body
Perception of fearful stimulus>Brain creates fear>Physiological response

45
Q

Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

A

Cognitive labels we attach to patterns of physical arousal form basis of emotional experiences
Step 1: Physical arousal
Step 2: Cognitive label
-misattributing emotional arousal, reappraising anxiety as excitement

46
Q

Evolutionary Explanation

A

Feelings of disgust>Nose scrunching
Feelings of fear>Eyes widening, deep inhalation
Evidence suggests universal, cross cultural recognition of body language

47
Q

Emotional dialects

A

Variation in how common emotions are expressed

48
Q

Display Rules

A

Unwritten expectations regarding when its appropriate to show certain emotions

49
Q

Interpretation of emotional expressions across cultures

A

Western evaluate individual emotions while asian evaluate emotion of individual in relation to whole group

Psych 1200 (16 decks)

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