Chapter 11 Flashcards
Motivation
Physiological and psychological processes underlying initiation of behaviours directing organism to a specific goal
Homeostasis
Body’s physiological process to maintain consistent internal states in response to outer environment
Drive
Biological trigger that tells us we may be deprived of something and causes us to seek it
Incentives
Stimuli we seek out in order to reduce drives
Allostasis
Motivation from anticipating future needs
Hypothalamus
Nuclei on bottom of brain involved in regulating motivation and homeostasis via hormones
Sensitive to changes in glucose
Lateral:On
Ventromedial:Off
Paraventricular:Inhibits
Anterior Cingulate Cortex
Emotional processing
Activated by fatty foods
Orbitofrontal Cortex
Links food taste, texture with feelings of reward
Cognitive Influences for food
Unit Bias: Assumption that the unit of sale or portion size is appropriate amount to consume
Marketing
Social Context for food
Social Facilitation: Eating more for particular role or expectation
Impression Management: Eating less to seem polite
Modelling: Eating what someone else is to fit in
Obesity
Food intake exceeds energy expenditure
60% males and 45% females overweight
Anorexia Nervosa
Self starvation
Intense fear of weight gain and body dissatisfaction
Denial of health issues associated with low weight
Bullimia Nervosa
Periods of food deprivation, binging, purging
Impulsive
More likely to enter treatment programs
Disorders of Eating
Higher levels of stress
Perceived loss of control
Lack of control implicates development of disorder
Social factors: Peers, friends family, social media
Effects of Eating Disorders
Anorexia: Increased amygdala activity (fear, emotional arousal) with words related to body image
Bulimia: Increased activity in medial frontal lobes (emotional processing) when presented images of overweight bodies compared to thin ones
General: Activation in insula (disgust) when compared to idealized models
Libido
Motivation for sexual activity and pleasure
Intrasexual Selection
Members of same sex competing for mating opportunities with opposite sex
Evolutionarily advantageous
Intersexual Selection
Members of one sex selecting partners based on desirable traits
Typically males attract females
Mate Selection
People prefer mates appearing healthy (more fertile, good genes)
Sex-Specific Differences
Women value strong financial prospects, status, good health
Men value physical beauty youth, reproduction
Sexual Response Cycle
Excitement>Plateu>Orgasm>Resolution
Influenced by hypothalamus
Sexual stimulation>Hypothalamus>Pituitary Gland> Oxytocin release
Gender Roles
Accepted attitudes and behaviours of males and females in a society
Sexual Scripts
Rules and assumptions about sexual behaviour of males and females
Sex Guilt
Negative emotional feelings for having violated culturally accepted standards for sexual behaviour
Changes in Scripts and Roles
Women’s rights movement
More women in workforce
Effective contraception
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self-actualization: Point where person reaches full potential as creative deep thinking accepting human being
Criticisms: Level basis too simple
Biased towards individualistic western culture
Affiliation Motivation
To maintain relationships involving pleasant feelings like warmth, affection, appreciation, mutual concern
Sense of being in permanent relationship
Loneliness is risk factor for heart disease, cancer, hypertension, impaired immune system, high stress
Terror Management Theory
Humans’ fear of mortality motivates behaviours preserving self esteem and sense of belonging
Love
Passionate Love: Physical and emotional longing for other person
-associated with areas in brain related to physical reward. and insula (sensitive to internal bodily feelings)
Companionate Love: Tenderness and affection felt when lives are connected
-influences long term stability of relationship
Love in the Brain
May be goal oriented state like hunger
Caudate Nucleus: Related to experiencing rewards (dopamine)
Achievement Motivation
Drive to perform at high levels and accomplish significant goals
Approach Goals
Enjoyable and pleasant incentives that draw a person to particular behaviour
Avoidance Goals
Attempt to avoid unpleasant outcome
Self Determination Theory
Individual’s ability to achieve goals and psychological well being is influenced by degree of control they have over their behaviours
3 Universal Needs
Relatedness: Feelings of connection
Autonomy: Feeling in control
Competence: Satisfaction when performing a task at skill level
-skill efficacy: individual’s confidence to plan and execute an action to solve a problem
Extrinsic Motivation
Performance Motive: Focused on rewards, public recognition, avoiding embarrassment
Loses some autonomy
Amotivational: Little to no motivation for behaviour
Intrinsic Motivation
Mastery Motive: Genuine, internal motivation to perform behaviours, overcome challenges
Unrelated to potential for reward/outside validation
3 Components of Behaviour
Subjective thought/experience
Patterns of neural activity and physical arousal
Observable behavioural expression
Initial Response
Emotion dependent responses occur within 150 ms of sensing potential threat
-identify presence (quicker) without needing to consciously identify it (slower)
Amygdala receives sensory input 200 ms after emotional stimulus appears
Amygdala
Group of nuclei in medial portion of temporal lobe, sensitive to emotionally arousing stimuli
-especially sensitive to fear-relevant images and sounds
Sends feedback to sensory areas (visual, auditory cortices): more attention toward potentially threatening stimulus
Autonomic Nervous System
Threatening emotional stimuli trigger brain areas involved in planning movement and several regions of spinal cord
Trigger sympathetic system
Emotional Regulation
Frontal lobes receive information from amygdala and other sensory areas
Determine if emotional response is valid
Generate next appropriate behaviour
Otherwise, decrease SNS response
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Physiological reactions come before emotional experience
Perception of fearful stimulus>Physiological reaction>Brain receives feedback>Brain creates fear
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
Brain interprets situation, generates subjective emotional feelings, which trigger physiological responses in body
Perception of fearful stimulus>Brain creates fear>Physiological response
Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
Cognitive labels we attach to patterns of physical arousal form basis of emotional experiences
Step 1: Physical arousal
Step 2: Cognitive label
-misattributing emotional arousal, reappraising anxiety as excitement
Evolutionary Explanation
Feelings of disgust>Nose scrunching
Feelings of fear>Eyes widening, deep inhalation
Evidence suggests universal, cross cultural recognition of body language
Emotional dialects
Variation in how common emotions are expressed
Display Rules
Unwritten expectations regarding when its appropriate to show certain emotions
Interpretation of emotional expressions across cultures
Western evaluate individual emotions while asian evaluate emotion of individual in relation to whole group
