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Human Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Chapter 6:The Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 6:The Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the integument system consist of?

A 
Skin
Accessory Organs (Hair, Nails, & Cutaneous glands)
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2
Q

What are the 3 layers of the skin?

A
  • Epidermis
  • Dermis
  • Hypodermis
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3
Q

What type of tissue is the epidermis made of?

A

stratified squamous

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4
Q

What type of tissue is the dermis made of?

A

connective tissue

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5
Q

Thick Skin (3)

A
  • on palms and soles (corresponding areas)
  • has sweat glands, but no hair follicles or sebaceous glands
  • has 5 layers
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6
Q

Thin Skin (3)

A
  • covers the rest of the body
  • has sweat glands, sebaceous glands, & hair follicles
  • has 4 layers
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7
Q

What are the functions of the skin? (6)

A
  • resistance to trauma & infection
  • other barriers (waterproof)
  • Vitamin D synthesis
  • Sensation
  • Thermoregulation
  • Nonverbal communication
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8
Q

What organs help complete Vitamin D synthesis?

A

Skin, Liver & Kidneys

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9
Q

Characteristics of the epidermis? (3)

A
  • no blood vessels
  • depends on the diffusion of nutrients from underlying tissue
  • contains dead cells (keratin)
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10
Q

What are the layers of the skin?

A 
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
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11
Q

What cells are found in the stratum basale? (4)

A

keratinocytes
melanocytes
tactile cells
stem cells

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12
Q

Where does mitosis take place?

A

stratum basale & deepest cells of stratum spinosum

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13
Q

What happens in the stratum spinosum?

A

more and more keratin filaments are produced which cause the cells to flatten

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14
Q

Characteristics of stratum spinosum? (4)

A
  • dendritic cells found throughout
  • named after spiny appearance
  • thickest layer in thin skin
  • deepest cells capable of mitosis
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15
Q

Characteristics of stratum granulosum?

A
  • contains coarse dark staining granules
  • waterproofing layer
  • 3-5 layers of keratinocytes
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16
Q

Characteristics of stratum lucidum? (3)

A
  • seen only in thick skin
  • cells have no nucleus or organelles
  • thin translucent zone (no granulation)
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17
Q

Characterisitcs of stratum corneum? (2)

A
  • 30 layers of dead keratinized cells

- resistant to abrasion, penetration, & water loss

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18
Q

5 types of cells found in the epidermis

A
  • tactile cells
  • melanocytes
  • keratinocytes
  • dendritic cells
  • stem cells
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19
Q

Stem cells (2)

A
  • undifferentiated cells that give rise to keratinocytes

- found in stratum basale

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20
Q

keratinocytes (2)

A
  • synthesize keratin w/ greatest majority found in epidermal cells
  • produced by stem cells
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21
Q

melanocytes (3)

A
  • occur only in stratum basale
  • synthesize pigment melanin
  • branched process spread among keratinocytes
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22
Q

tactile (merkel) cells (2)

A

FEELING

  • in basal layer of epidermis
  • touch receptors associated w/dermal nerve fibers
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23
Q

dendritic cells (3)

A
  • found in stratum spinosum & granulosum

- stand guard against toxins, microbes, etc

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24
Q

What does mitosis require?

A

abundant supply of oxygen & nutrients that are acquired from blood vessels

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25
Q

As keratinocytes are pushed up they _________

A

differientiate

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26
Q

Effects on keratinocytes production (2)

A
  • slower in old age

- faster in injury or stressed skin

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27
Q

What do the keratinocytes produce?

A

lipid filled membrane coating vesicles (lamellar granules)

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28
Q

What are the 3 important developments that occur in stratum granulosum?

A
  • keratinocytes nucleus & organelles degenerate (cells die)
  • granules release a protein filaggrin
  • vesicles release lipid mixture that spreads & waterproofs
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29
Q

The water barrier is produced by which layers?

A

stratum granulosum & stratum spinosum

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30
Q

Fingerprints come from?

A

dermis

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31
Q

Characteristics of dermis (3)

A
  • beneath the epidermis
  • composed mainly of collagen (reticular, elastic) & fibroblast
  • contains blood vessels, sweat glands, oil glands, and nerve endings
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32
Q

What are embedded in the dermis?

A

hair follicles & roots

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33
Q

What portion of the dermis leave the fingerprints?

A

dermal papillae

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34
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dermis?

A
  • papillary layer

- reticular layer

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35
Q

Papillary layer (dermis) (4)

A
  • superficial zone of dermis
  • thin zone of areolar tissue
  • allows for mobility of leukocytes
  • rich in small blood vessels
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36
Q

Reticular layer (dermis) (3)

A
  • deeper & much thicker layer of dermis
  • consists of dense, irregular connective tissue
  • stretch marks caused by tears in collagen fibers
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37
Q

Hypodermis (4)

A
  • subcutaneous tissue
  • more areolar & adipose tissue
  • binds skin to underlying tissue
  • good for injections due to being highly vascular
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38
Q

Importants of melanin?

A

absorbs ultraviolet radiation

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39
Q

Why do people have different skin color?

A

they have the same number of melanocytes, but different quantities of melanin

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40
Q

Dark skin vs. Light skin

A

Dark Skin: melanin breaks down slowly;melanin granules more spread out
Light Skin: melanin breaks down fast;melanin granules tightly clumped

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41
Q

Skin color

A
  • results from combination of evolutionary selection pressures
  • differences in exposure to ultraviolet radiation
42
Q

Friction ridges

A

markings on the fingertips that leave oily fingerprints on surfaces we touch

43
Q

Flexion lines

A
  • lines on the flexor surfaces of the digits, palms, wrist,elbows
  • marks sites where the skin folds during flexion of the joints
44
Q

What are freckles & moles?

A

aggregations of melanocytes

45
Q

hemangiomas (2)

A

birthmarks

-patches of discolored skin caused by benign tumors of dermal capillaries

46
Q

What are hair & nails composed mostly of?

A

hard dead keratinized cells

47
Q

pilus vs pili

A

hair

pilus: singular
pili: plural

48
Q

____ of hair does not differ much from person to person or between sexes. What are the differences due to?

A

number; texture & pigmentation of hair

49
Q

3 kinds of hair

A
  • lanugo
  • vellus
  • terminal
50
Q

lanugo hair(2)

A
  • fine, downy, unpigmented hair

- appears on the fetus in the last 3 months of development

51
Q

vellus hair(2)

A
  • fine, pale hair that replaces lanugo after birth

- 2/3 of the hair in women; 1/3 of the hair in men

52
Q

terminal hair (3)

A
  • longer, coarser, and usually heavily pigmented
  • after puberty (forms axillary & public hair)
  • facial hair of males and some of the hair on the trunks
53
Q

3 zones that hair is divisible

A
  • bulb
  • root
  • shaft
54
Q

bulb

A

swelling at the base where hair originates in dermis or hypodermis (ONLY living hair near this area)

55
Q

root

A

remainder of the hair in the follicle

56
Q

shaft

A

the portion above the skin surface

57
Q

dermal papilla

A

bud of vascular connective tissue encased by bulb that provides nutrients to the hair

58
Q

hair matrix

A

immediately above the papilla where cells are actively undergoing mitosis

59
Q

3 layers of the hair (inside to out)

A

medulla (core)->cortex(bulk)->cuticle(fly away hairs)

60
Q

epithelial root sheath (2)

A
  • extension of epidermis

- lies immediately adjacent to hair root

61
Q

connective tissue root sheath (2)

A
  • derived from dermis

- surrounds epithelial root sheath

62
Q

Hair receptors (2)

A
  • nerve fibers that entwine each follicle

- respond to hair movement

63
Q

Piloerector muscle (2)

A
  • bundles of smooth muscle cells

- goose bumps

64
Q

Textures of the hair?straight?wavy?curly?

A

related to dif in cross sectional shape

straight: round
wavy: oval
curly: flat

65
Q

3 stages of hair growth

A

anagen, catagen, and telogen

66
Q

telogen

A

resting stage when papilla reaches the bulge

67
Q

catagen (4)

A
  • degenerative stage
  • mitosis ceases and sheath cells below the bulge die
  • follicle shrinks & dermal papilla is moved up
  • base keratinizes into a hard club hair (leaves anchorage)
68
Q

anagen (2)

A
  • growth stage (most of scalp follicles)

- dermal papilla pushed deeper into skin form epithelial root sheath

69
Q

hard derivatives of stratum cornenum?

A

fingernails & toenails

70
Q

what makes up the nail plate? (3)

A

free edge
nail body
nail root

71
Q

free edge

A

overhangs the fingernail

72
Q

nail body

A

visible attached part of the nail

73
Q

nail root

A

not visible; extends proximally under overlying skin

74
Q

When does club hair fall out?

A

during catagen or telogen

75
Q

nail fold

A

surrounding skin rising a bit above the nail

76
Q

nail groove

A

separates nail fold from nail plate

77
Q

nail bed

A

skin underlying nail plate

78
Q

hyponychium vs eponychium

A

hypo: epidermis of the nail bed (alive)
epon: narrow zone of skin (cuticle:dead)

79
Q

nail matrix

A

growth zone of thickened stratum basale

80
Q

lunule

A

an opaque white crescent at proximal end of end

81
Q

what are the 5 types of glands found in the skin?

A 
merocrine sweat glands
aprocrine sweat glands
ceruminous glands (ear wax)
mammary glands
sebaceous glands
82
Q

merocrine glands (2)

A
  • most numerous skin gland that helps cool the body

- sweat is watery

83
Q

aprocrine gland (4)

A
  • ducts lead to hair follicles
  • sweat is thicker, milky & contains fatty acids
  • respond to sexual and stress stimulation
  • found in groin, anal, and axilla areas
84
Q

bromhidrosis

A

disagreeable body odor produced by bacterial action of fatty acids

85
Q

begins as a protein-free filtrate of blood plasma produced by deep secretory portion of gland

A

sweat

86
Q

holocrine gland

A

secretion consists of broken down cells

87
Q

which gland keeps the skin & hair from becoming dry, brittle, and cracked

A

sebaceous glands

88
Q

ceruminous gland (3)

A
  • only found in external ear canal
  • keeps eardrum pliable
  • waterproofs the canal
89
Q

mammary glands

A

milk producing glands that develop only during pregnancy and lactation

90
Q

3 types of skin cancer?

A
  • basal cell carcinoma
  • malignant melanoma
  • squamous cell carcinoma
91
Q

basal cell carcinoma (3)

A
  • most common type
  • least dangerous & seldom metastasizes
  • forms from stratum basale cells
92
Q

squamous cell carcinoma (3)

A
  • from keratinocytes in stratum spinosum
  • tends to metastasizes to lymph nodes & may become lethal
  • have scaly apperances
93
Q

malignant melanoma (4)

A
  • arises from melanocytes (moles)
  • most deadly form although rare
  • metastasizes rapidly
  • unresponsive to chemotherapy
94
Q

why do deaths occur from burns?

A

result primarily from fluid loss & infection

95
Q

What is the leading cause of accidental death?

A

burns

96
Q

1st degree burn (2)

A
  • partial thickness burn; involves only epidermis

- redness & pain (sunburn)

97
Q

2nd degree burn (2)

A
  • partial thickness burn; involves epidermis & part of the dermis
  • blistered & very painful
98
Q

3rd degree burn (3)

A
  • full thickness burn; involves the epidermis & all of the dermis
  • some tissue damage is observed
  • require skin graft
99
Q

autograft

A

tissue taken from another location on the same person’s body

100
Q

isograft

A

from identical twin

Human Anatomy & Physiology 1 (16 decks)

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