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Human Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

DNA stands for

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

DNA components

A

sugar: deoxyribose
phosphate group
nitrogenous base: adenine

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3
Q

Purines vs Pyrimidines

A

purines: A & G (double ring)
pyrimidines: T & C (single ring)

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4
Q

each sidepiece is a backbone composed of ____ groups and ______

A

phosphate;deoxyribose

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5
Q

what are the nitrogenous bases united by?

A

hydrogen bonds

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6
Q

genetic instructions for synthesis of proteins

A

genes

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7
Q

fine filamentous DNA material complexed with proteins

A

chromatin

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8
Q

histones (2)

A
  • disk shaped clusters of proteins

- what DNA molecules wind around

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9
Q

histones are divided into ______

A

nucleosomes

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10
Q

2 parallel filaments of identical DNA

A

sister chromatids

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11
Q

what joins two chromatids together

A

centromere

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12
Q

RNA vs DNA (4)

A

RNA: 1 nucleotide; DNA: 2 nucleotides
RNA: ribose DNA:deoxyribose
RNA:uracil instead of thymine
RNA: smaller

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13
Q

3 types of RNA

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

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14
Q

what determines the nucleotide sequence in the DNA

A

the amino acid sequence

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15
Q

how many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46 chromosomes: 23 pairs

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16
Q

3 stop codons

A

UGA, UAG, UAA

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17
Q

start codon

A

AUG

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18
Q

a sequence of 3 nucleotides that stands for one amino acid

A

base triplet

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19
Q

T/F all body cells contain identical genes, except sex cells & immune cells

A

TRUE

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20
Q

when a gene is activated what is made?

A

mRNA

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21
Q

in transcription DNA codes for____; while mRNA codes for protein during ______

A

mRNA; translation

22
Q

enzyme that binds DNA and assembles mRNA. what signals this enzyme?

A

RNA polymerase; TATATA

23
Q

exons are ____ while introns are ____

A

sense (spliced together); non sense

24
Q

who are the 3 participants in translation?

A

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

25
what binds mRNA?then what?
small sub-unit then the large sub-unit binds the small sub-unit
26
where does tRNA pick up the anticodon for translation?
from free amino acids in the cytosol
27
where are proteins headed for lysosomes or secretion made?
ribosomes or rough ER
28
is protein synthesis finished once the amino acid sequence is made? what has to happen?
no, the protein is functional only after it is coiled and folded into a precise secondary or tertiary structure
29
chaperones
old proteins that help new proteins in folding into the proper shapes
30
what is an example that can determine if a gene is turned on or off?
hormones
31
how do cells synthesize other components for such as glycogen, fats, steroids, etc?
enzymes are proteins encoded by genes to synthesize this materials (indirect genetic control)
32
Steps for DNA replication (4)
1. Double helix unwinds from histone 2. Enzyme helicase opens one short segment at a time exposing its nitrogenous bases 3. DNA polymerase move along each stand 4. New histones are synthesized in cytoplasm
33
what is applied before DNA polymerase is attached?
RNA primer
34
when do mutations occur?reasons?
-due to replication errors of environmental factors (viruses, chemical, & radiation)
35
interphase includes:
G1, S,G2 phases
36
mitosis phases?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
37
G0 phase
determined at G1 checkpoint; where the cell leaves the cell cycle and cease dividing
38
the location of a particular gene on a chromosome
locus
39
cells divide when (4):
- have enough cytoplasm for 2 daughter cells - have replicated their DNA - have adequate supply of nutrients - stimulated by growth factor
40
cells do not divide when: (2)
- snugly contact neighboring cells | - nutrients or growth factors withdrawn
41
different forms of gene at the same locus on 2 homologous chromosomes
allele
42
codominant
both alleles are equally dominant | ex. P1 (striped) P2 (pink)= offspring (striped & pink)
43
incomplete dominance
phenotype intermediate between traits each allele would have produced ex. P1 (black) P2 (white)= offspring (gray)
44
one gene produces multiple phenotypes
pleiotropy
45
benign tumor (4)
- easier to treat - slow growth - contained in capsule - WILL NOT metasize
46
malignant tumor (4)
- CANCER - fast growth - not enclosed - WILL metasize
47
environmental cancer causing agents
carcinogens
48
what percentage of cancers are hereditary
5% to 10%
49
what causes cell division to accelerate out of control?
oncogenes (positive feedback)
50
what can oppose the effects of oncogenes?
tumor-suppressor genes

Human Anatomy & Physiology 1 (16 decks)

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