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Human Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Chapter 13: Spinal Cord, Nerves, & Somatic Reflexes > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Spinal Cord, Nerves, & Somatic Reflexes Flashcards

1
Q

conduction

A

nerve fibers that conduct info up and down the spinal cord (CNS)

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2
Q

neural integration

A

input from multiple sources, integrated & executed output

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3
Q

locomotion

A

repetitive, coordinated contractions of several muscle groups

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4
Q

reflexes

A

STAY AT THE SPINAL CORD LEVEL

involuntary stereotyped responses

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5
Q

spinal cord

A

cylinder of nervous tissue that arises from the brainstem at the foramen magnum of the skull

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6
Q

spinal cord passes through_____ and gives rise to ___ pairs of spinal nerves.

A

vertebral canal; 31

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7
Q

Where do the 31 spinal nerves pass?

A

1st pair: between the skull & C1

rest through intervertebral foramina

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8
Q

What 2 parts of the spinal cord are thicker than elsewhere?

A
  • cervical enlargement (upper limbs)

- lumber enlargement (lower limbs)

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9
Q

medullary cone

A

cord tapers to a point inferior to lumbar enlargement

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10
Q

cauda equina

A

bundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from L2 to S5

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11
Q

meninges

A

three fibrous connective tissue membranes that enclose the brain & spinal cord

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12
Q

What are the 3 meninges (superficial to deep)?

A

-dura mater, arachnoid mater, & pia mater

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13
Q

What is special about the pia mater?

A

it is continuous with the brain & spinal cord

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14
Q

What space surrounds the meninges?

A

epidural space

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15
Q

spina bifida? How is it prevented?

A
  • congenital defect in which one or more vertebrae fail to form a complete vertebral arch for enclosure of the spinal cord
  • prevented via folic acid(B vitamin)
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16
Q

The ____ is shaped like a butterfly and is surround by the ___ in 3 columns.

A

gray matter; white matter

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17
Q

gray matter (2)

A
  • little myelin

- site of info processing, synaptic integration

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18
Q

white matter (2)

A
  • abundantly myelinated

- carry signals from one part of the CNS to another

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19
Q

columns of funiculi

A

3 pairs of these white matter bundles (posterior, later, ventral columns)

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20
Q

ascending tracts

A

carry sensory info up the spinal cord (afferent)

BODY->SPINAL CORD->BRAIN

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21
Q

descending tracts

A

carry motor info down the spinal cord (efferent)

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22
Q

decussation

A

the fibers pass up or down the brainstem & spinal cord they CROSS OVER from left to right (CROSS OVER EVENT)

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23
Q

contralateral

A

when the origin & destination of a tract are on opposite sides of the body

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24
Q

ipsilateral

A

when the origin & destination of a tract are on the same side of the body

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25
Q

What are the 3 sensory neurons of the ascending tract?

A

first order, second order, third order neurons

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26
Q

first order neuron (ASCENDING)

A

detect the stimulus & transmit signal to spinal cord/brain

presynaptic

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27
Q

second order neuron (ASCENDING)

A

continues to the thalamus at the upper end of brainstem

-interneurons

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28
Q

third order neuron (ASCENDING)

A

carries the signal the rest of the way to the cerebral cortex
-interneurons

29
Q

ascending tracts (5)

A
  • gracile fasciculus
  • cuneate fasciculus
  • spinothalamic tract
  • spinoreticular tract
  • spinocerebellar tract
30
Q

gracile fasciculus
Location?
Decussate?
Function?

A

posterior
medulla oblongata
sensations of the limbs and trunk (lower level)

31
Q

proprioception

A

nonvisual sense of the position and movements of the body

32
Q

cuneate fasciculus
Location?
Decussate?
Function?

A

posterior
medulla oblongata
same as gracile fasciculus from T6 and up

33
Q

medial lemniscus

A

formed from the second order neurons of gracile & cuneate systems that decussate in the medulla

34
Q

Carry signals for pain, pressure, temp, light touch, tickle. and itch

A

spinothalamic tract

35
Q

Carry signals for vibration, visceral pain, deep & discriminative touch, and proprioception

A

gracile & cuneate fasciculus

36
Q

spinothalamic tract
Location?
Decussate?
Function?

A

anterior and lateral
in the spinal cord
pain, pressure, temp, touch, etc

37
Q

spinoreticular tract
Location?
Decussate?
Function?

A

anterior and lateral
in the spinal cord
sensation of pain from tissue injury

38
Q

spinocerebellar tract
Location?
Decussate?
Function?

A

lateral
no decussation
feedback from muscles (proprioception)

39
Q

How many neurons involved in descending tracts?

A

2 (upper and lower motor neurons)

40
Q

Upper motor neurons (DESCENDING TRACT)

A

originate in the cerebral cortex and terminate on a lower motor neuron

41
Q

Lower motor neuron (DESCENDING TRACT)

A

originate in brainstem or spinal cord (leads the rest of the way)

42
Q

corticospinal tract
Location?
Decussate?
Function?

A

cerebral cortex
medulla oblongata
precise fine coordinated movements

43
Q

tectospinal tract
Location?
Decussate?
Function?

A

midbrain
midbrain
reflex turning of head to sound and sights

44
Q

lateral & medial reticulospinal tract
Location?
Decussate?
Function?

A

reticular formation of brainstem
no decussation
awareness of pain

45
Q

lateral & medial vestibulospinal tract
Location?
Decussate?
Function?

A

brainstem
no decussation
control balance & posture

46
Q

Polio & ALS

A

both cause destruction of motor neurons & production of skeletal muscles from lack of innervation (mixing of afferent & efferent)

47
Q

Each spinal nerve has 2 points of attachment, where are they?

A

posterior dorsal root & anterior ventral root

48
Q

posterior dorsal root

A

INPUT to spinal cord

49
Q

anterior ventral root

A

OUTPUT out of the spinal cord

50
Q

What are the 3 divisions of nerves in the distal branches?

A

anterior ramus
posterior ramus
meningeal branch

51
Q

Nerve plexus are found where

A

in the anterior rami branch

52
Q

what are the 5 nerve plexuses?

A 
cervical
brachial
lumbar
sacral
coccygeal
53
Q

Shingles remains for life in the ____ _____

A

posterior root ganglion

54
Q

radial nerve injury

A

crutch paralysis

55
Q

sciatic nerve injury

A

sharp pain from “ass to toes”

56
Q

dermatome

A

specific area of the skin that receives sensory input from spinal nerves

57
Q

reflexes

A

quick involuntary stereotyped responses of muscle

58
Q

properties of reflexes (4)

A

requires stimulation
quick
involuntary
stereotyped

59
Q

conditioned reflexes

A

learned reponses

60
Q

pathway of reflex arc (5 steps)

A
  1. somatic receptors
  2. afferent nerve fibers
  3. integrating center
  4. efferent nerve fibers
  5. effectors
61
Q

muscle spindle

A

stretch receptors embedded in skeletal muscles

62
Q

stretch reflex

A

when a muscle is stretched, it “fights back” and contracts maintain tone

63
Q

tendon reflex

A

knee jerk

contraction of muscle when tendon is tapped

64
Q

flexor reflex

A

quick contraction of flexor muscles resulting in withdrawal of a limb from an injurious stimuli

65
Q

paraplegia

A

paralysis of both lower limbs

66
Q

quadriplegia

A

paralysis of all four limbs

67
Q

hemiplegia

A

paralysis on one side of the body

68
Q

paresis

A

partial paralysis or weakness of the limbs

Human Anatomy & Physiology 1 (16 decks)

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