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Human Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Chapter 14: Brain & Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Brain & Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

nervous system develops from the ____

A

ectoderm

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2
Q

During the 3rd week of development of what happens

A

the neural plate forms along the dorsal midline and thickens

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3
Q

What happens in the 4th week of development?

A

a hollow channel is created called the neural tube

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4
Q

3 anterior dilations of the neural tube

A
  • forebrain
  • midbrain
  • hindbrain
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5
Q

forebrain

A

prosencephalon

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6
Q

mindbrain

A

mesencephalon

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7
Q

hindbrain

A

rhombencephalon

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8
Q

forebrain splits into

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

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9
Q

hindbrain splits into

A

metencephalon and myelencephalon

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10
Q

metencephalon

A

pons & cerebellum

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11
Q

myelencephalon

A

medulla oblongata

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12
Q

___ ___ separates the 2 cerebral hemispheres

A

falx cerebri

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13
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges

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14
Q

choroid plexus

A

spongy mass of blood capillaries on the floor of each ventricle

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15
Q

ependyma

A

produces cerebriospinal fluid

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16
Q

CSF

A

clear colorless liquid that fills the ventricles & canals of CNS

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17
Q

which ventricle has then most CSF?

A

right and left lateral ventricles

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18
Q

circulation of the CSF (6)

A
  1. secreted by lateral ventricles
  2. flows through intervertebral foramina into 3rd ventricle (add more CSF)
  3. down the cerebral aqueduct into 4th ventricle (add more CSF)
  4. fills the central canal & flows out of 3 pores
  5. fills arachnoid space and bathes external surface of brain
  6. arachnoid villi reabsorb CSF
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19
Q

Functions of CSF (3)

A

buyoancy
protection
chemical stability

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20
Q

nervous system requires a lot of ___ and _____

A

glucose and oxygen

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21
Q

10 sec interruption of blood flow

1-2 min interruption of blood flow

A

loss of consciousness

sign impairment of neural function

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22
Q

what 2 points of entry must be guarded by the BBB

A

blood capillaries throughout the brain tissue

capillaries of choroid plexus

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23
Q

what is the BBB highly permeable to?slightly permeable?

A

water, glu, oxygen, CO2, alcohol, etc

Na, K, Cl

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24
Q

circumventricular organs

A

places in the third and fourth ventricles where the barrier is absent

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25
the medulla oblongata pyramids?
resembles baseball bats
26
the medulla oblongata olives? (2)
a prominent bulge lateral to each pyramid | relay centers for signals to cerebellum
27
which cranial nerves begin or end in the medulla oblongata?
9,10,11,12
28
functions of medulla oblongata (4)
cardiac center vasomotor center respiratory center reflex center
29
where can the reticular formation be found
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
30
pons and cerebellum develop from?
metencephalon of hindbrain
31
cerebral peduncles
connect the cerebellum to pons, mid brain, medulla oblongata
32
which cranial nerves are found on pons
5, 6, 7, 8
33
mesencephalon (3)
midbrain contains the cerebral aqueduct contains cranial nerves 2 and 4
34
what are the 3 main components of cerebral peduncles?
tegmentum substantia nigra cerebral crus
35
reticular formation
loosely organized gray matter that runs throughout the brainstem
36
5 networks of reticular formations?
``` somatic motor control cardiovascular control pain modulation sleep & consciousness habituation ```
37
the largest part of the hindbrain and second largest part of the brain
cerebellum
38
which structure of the brain contains more than half of all brain neurons
cerebellum
39
inferior?superior?middle peduncles?
inferior: medulla oblongata superior: midbrain middle: pons
40
functions of cerebellum (2)
motor control & motion memory
41
diencephalon contains what 3 derivative?
thalamus hypothalamus epithalamus
42
functions of thalamus
involved in memory; emotional functions of the limbic system
43
function of hypothalamus
homeostasis
44
epithalamus contains
pineal gland
45
frontal lobe
voluntary motor functions (motivation, foresight, planning, memory)
46
parietal lobe
receives and integrates sensory info
47
occipital lobe
primary visual center of brain
48
temporal lobe
areas for hearing, smell, learning
49
insula region
understanding spoken language, taste and sensory info
50
Most of the volume of the cerebrum is what?
white matter (lots of axons)
51
3 types of tracts in the cerebral white matter?
projection (cerebrum to the rest of the body) commissural association (long or short)
52
cerebral cortex
neocortex (6 layers) | layer covering the surface of the hemispheres
53
what cells can be found in the cerebral cortex? (2)
stellate cells & pyramidal cells
54
basal nucleu
masses of cerebral gray matter buried deep in white matter
55
limbic system
important center for emotions and learning
56
hippocampus
memory
57
amygdala
emotions
58
limbic system has structures for centers of _____ and _____
gratification (pleasure or reward) and aversion (fear and sorrow)
59
higher brain functions involve interactions between ___ ___ and ___, _____, and _____
cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, brainstem and cerebellum
60
alpha waves (2)
awake and resting with eyes closed | stage 1 of sleep
61
beta waves
eyes open and performing mental task
62
theta waves
drowsy or sleeping adults (if awake under emotional stress)
63
delta waves
deep sleep in adults
64
electroencephalogram (EEG)
monitors surface electrical activity of the brain waves
65
stage 2 of sleep
pass into light sleep
66
stage 3 of sleep (3)
theta & delta waves muscles relax vital signs fall
67
stage 4 of sleep (3)
slow wave sleep muscles are very relaxed difficult to wake up
68
REM
rapid eye movement (eyes oscillate back and forth)
69
cognition
the range of mental processes by which we acquire and use knowledge completed by association areas of cerebral cortex
70
info management entails (3):
learning memory forgetting
71
werneike area
permits recognition of spoken & written language to formulate phrases then passes it on to broca's area
72
broca's area
generates motor program to lips tongue and cheeks
73
aprosody
flat emotionless speech
74
aphasia
any language deficit from lesions in same hemisphere containing the werneikes & broca area
75
cerebral lateralization (2)
dif in the structure & function of the cerebral hemisphere develops with age (increased in males)
76
primary somesthetic(general senses) cortex is the cortex of the ___ ____
postcentral gyrus
77
sensory homunculus
upside down sensory map of the contralateral side of the body
78
we have lots of sensation where?
in the face
79
primary motor area is transmitted where
precentral gyrus
80
cranial I
olfactory | sense of smell
81
cranial II
optic nerve | provides vision
82
cranial III
oculomotor | extrinistic muscles of the eye
83
cranial IV
trochlear | eye movement
84
cranial V
trigeminal largest important for sensory nerve of face
85
cranial VI
abducens | eye movement
86
cranial VII
facial | facial expressions
87
cranial VIII
vestibulocochlear | hearing and equilibrium
88
cranial IX
glossopharyngeal | swallowing, salivation, gagging
89
cranial X
vagus nerve | major role in cardiac, pulmonary, digestive, urinary function
90
cranial XI
accessory | head neck and should movement
91
cranial XII
hypoglossal | tongue movements for speech and food manipulation

Human Anatomy & Physiology 1 (16 decks)

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