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Human Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Chapter 14: Brain & Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Brain & Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

nervous system develops from the ____

A

ectoderm

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2
Q

During the 3rd week of development of what happens

A

the neural plate forms along the dorsal midline and thickens

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3
Q

What happens in the 4th week of development?

A

a hollow channel is created called the neural tube

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4
Q

3 anterior dilations of the neural tube

A
  • forebrain
  • midbrain
  • hindbrain
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5
Q

forebrain

A

prosencephalon

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6
Q

mindbrain

A

mesencephalon

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7
Q

hindbrain

A

rhombencephalon

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8
Q

forebrain splits into

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

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9
Q

hindbrain splits into

A

metencephalon and myelencephalon

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10
Q

metencephalon

A

pons & cerebellum

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11
Q

myelencephalon

A

medulla oblongata

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12
Q

___ ___ separates the 2 cerebral hemispheres

A

falx cerebri

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13
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges

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14
Q

choroid plexus

A

spongy mass of blood capillaries on the floor of each ventricle

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15
Q

ependyma

A

produces cerebriospinal fluid

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16
Q

CSF

A

clear colorless liquid that fills the ventricles & canals of CNS

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17
Q

which ventricle has then most CSF?

A

right and left lateral ventricles

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18
Q

circulation of the CSF (6)

A
  1. secreted by lateral ventricles
  2. flows through intervertebral foramina into 3rd ventricle (add more CSF)
  3. down the cerebral aqueduct into 4th ventricle (add more CSF)
  4. fills the central canal & flows out of 3 pores
  5. fills arachnoid space and bathes external surface of brain
  6. arachnoid villi reabsorb CSF
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19
Q

Functions of CSF (3)

A

buyoancy
protection
chemical stability

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20
Q

nervous system requires a lot of ___ and _____

A

glucose and oxygen

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21
Q

10 sec interruption of blood flow

1-2 min interruption of blood flow

A

loss of consciousness

sign impairment of neural function

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22
Q

what 2 points of entry must be guarded by the BBB

A

blood capillaries throughout the brain tissue

capillaries of choroid plexus

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23
Q

what is the BBB highly permeable to?slightly permeable?

A

water, glu, oxygen, CO2, alcohol, etc

Na, K, Cl

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24
Q

circumventricular organs

A

places in the third and fourth ventricles where the barrier is absent

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25
Q

the medulla oblongata pyramids?

A

resembles baseball bats

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26
Q

the medulla oblongata olives? (2)

A

a prominent bulge lateral to each pyramid

relay centers for signals to cerebellum

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27
Q

which cranial nerves begin or end in the medulla oblongata?

A

9,10,11,12

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28
Q

functions of medulla oblongata (4)

A

cardiac center
vasomotor center
respiratory center
reflex center

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29
Q

where can the reticular formation be found

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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30
Q

pons and cerebellum develop from?

A

metencephalon of hindbrain

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31
Q

cerebral peduncles

A

connect the cerebellum to pons, mid brain, medulla oblongata

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32
Q

which cranial nerves are found on pons

A

5, 6, 7, 8

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33
Q

mesencephalon (3)

A

midbrain
contains the cerebral aqueduct
contains cranial nerves 2 and 4

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34
Q

what are the 3 main components of cerebral peduncles?

A

tegmentum
substantia nigra
cerebral crus

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35
Q

reticular formation

A

loosely organized gray matter that runs throughout the brainstem

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36
Q

5 networks of reticular formations?

A 
somatic motor control
cardiovascular control
pain modulation
sleep & consciousness
habituation
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37
Q

the largest part of the hindbrain and second largest part of the brain

A

cerebellum

38
Q

which structure of the brain contains more than half of all brain neurons

A

cerebellum

39
Q

inferior?superior?middle peduncles?

A

inferior: medulla oblongata
superior: midbrain
middle: pons

40
Q

functions of cerebellum (2)

A

motor control & motion memory

41
Q

diencephalon contains what 3 derivative?

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus

42
Q

functions of thalamus

A

involved in memory; emotional functions of the limbic system

43
Q

function of hypothalamus

A

homeostasis

44
Q

epithalamus contains

A

pineal gland

45
Q

frontal lobe

A

voluntary motor functions (motivation, foresight, planning, memory)

46
Q

parietal lobe

A

receives and integrates sensory info

47
Q

occipital lobe

A

primary visual center of brain

48
Q

temporal lobe

A

areas for hearing, smell, learning

49
Q

insula region

A

understanding spoken language, taste and sensory info

50
Q

Most of the volume of the cerebrum is what?

A

white matter (lots of axons)

51
Q

3 types of tracts in the cerebral white matter?

A

projection (cerebrum to the rest of the body)
commissural
association (long or short)

52
Q

cerebral cortex

A

neocortex (6 layers)

layer covering the surface of the hemispheres

53
Q

what cells can be found in the cerebral cortex? (2)

A

stellate cells & pyramidal cells

54
Q

basal nucleu

A

masses of cerebral gray matter buried deep in white matter

55
Q

limbic system

A

important center for emotions and learning

56
Q

hippocampus

A

memory

57
Q

amygdala

A

emotions

58
Q

limbic system has structures for centers of _____ and _____

A

gratification (pleasure or reward) and aversion (fear and sorrow)

59
Q

higher brain functions involve interactions between ___ ___ and ___, _____, and _____

A

cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, brainstem and cerebellum

60
Q

alpha waves (2)

A

awake and resting with eyes closed

stage 1 of sleep

61
Q

beta waves

A

eyes open and performing mental task

62
Q

theta waves

A

drowsy or sleeping adults (if awake under emotional stress)

63
Q

delta waves

A

deep sleep in adults

64
Q

electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

monitors surface electrical activity of the brain waves

65
Q

stage 2 of sleep

A

pass into light sleep

66
Q

stage 3 of sleep (3)

A

theta & delta waves
muscles relax
vital signs fall

67
Q

stage 4 of sleep (3)

A

slow wave sleep
muscles are very relaxed
difficult to wake up

68
Q

REM

A

rapid eye movement (eyes oscillate back and forth)

69
Q

cognition

A

the range of mental processes by which we acquire and use knowledge completed by association areas of cerebral cortex

70
Q

info management entails (3):

A

learning
memory
forgetting

71
Q

werneike area

A

permits recognition of spoken & written language to formulate phrases then passes it on to broca’s area

72
Q

broca’s area

A

generates motor program to lips tongue and cheeks

73
Q

aprosody

A

flat emotionless speech

74
Q

aphasia

A

any language deficit from lesions in same hemisphere containing the werneikes & broca area

75
Q

cerebral lateralization (2)

A

dif in the structure & function of the cerebral hemisphere
develops with age (increased in males)

76
Q

primary somesthetic(general senses) cortex is the cortex of the ___ ____

A

postcentral gyrus

77
Q

sensory homunculus

A

upside down sensory map of the contralateral side of the body

78
Q

we have lots of sensation where?

A

in the face

79
Q

primary motor area is transmitted where

A

precentral gyrus

80
Q

cranial I

A

olfactory

sense of smell

81
Q

cranial II

A

optic nerve

provides vision

82
Q

cranial III

A

oculomotor

extrinistic muscles of the eye

83
Q

cranial IV

A

trochlear

eye movement

84
Q

cranial V

A

trigeminal
largest
important for sensory nerve of face

85
Q

cranial VI

A

abducens

eye movement

86
Q

cranial VII

A

facial

facial expressions

87
Q

cranial VIII

A

vestibulocochlear

hearing and equilibrium

88
Q

cranial IX

A

glossopharyngeal

swallowing, salivation, gagging

89
Q

cranial X

A

vagus nerve

major role in cardiac, pulmonary, digestive, urinary function

90
Q

cranial XI

A

accessory

head neck and should movement

91
Q

cranial XII

A

hypoglossal

tongue movements for speech and food manipulation

Human Anatomy & Physiology 1 (16 decks)

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